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<h1>離線返馳轉換器設計重點 </h1> <div class="WordSection1"> <p>Design Consideration of Off-Line Flyback</p> </div> <div class="WordSection2"> <br /> <br /> <h2 id="__Bookmark__0">摘要</h2> <p>本篇應用指南將介紹由效率觀點,對應定頻操作flyback 轉換器,設計合適的感量,變壓器,和圈比。如何用數學模型推導有可能的最佳效率設計,最後在以實務上的元件損耗量測方式,驗證理論數據。</p> <br /> <br /> <h2 id="__Bookmark__1">1. 前言</h2> <p>返馳轉換器(flyback converter)是應用最廣泛的電源拓樸之一。 由於返馳轉換器的零件數最少,成本低,也是被廣泛應用的原因之一。</p> <p>Flyback 轉換器已被廣泛的用在100W以下的離線電源,包括印表機、筆記型電腦、顯示器、家電設備以及諸多電子電氣產品。圖一為Flyback 轉換器的功率電路圖。</p> <a href="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an035/html-images-zh_tw/an035-figure1-zh-tw.jpg?file=preview.png" class="fancybox"> <p class="picture" style="text-align: center;"> <img alt="" src="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an035/html-images-zh_tw/an035-figure1-zh-tw.jpg" /></p> </a> <p class="a6" style="text-align: center;">圖一、Flyback 轉換器電路圖控制IC透過閘極腳位驅動返馳式</p> <p>輸入電壓Vin 來自市電輸入,經橋式整流與大電容濾波,一般而言,其範圍約在90Vdc 至370Vdc。Flyback轉換器主要涵蓋了一個開關晶體(Q),一個續流二極體(D),一組變壓器(T)以及一個輸出電容(Co)。在一般應用峰值電流控制(peak current mode control)的架構裡,電阻RCS用來檢知初級側電流(i<sub>LP</sub>)波型。這裡說的變壓器,其實是耦合電感器,包含初/次級線圈(匝數分別為 N<sub>P</sub>與N<sub>S</sub>),以及對應的電感值 (L<sub>P</sub>與L<sub>S</sub>)。 只要給定一組操作點,即輸入電壓與負載電流,Flyback轉換器就會運行在一個穩態的模式。所謂穩態模式是指一組固定的電壓與電流波型。穩態模式又可分為兩類,其一為連續電流導通模式(Continuous Conduction Mode, C.C.M.) 另一為非連續電流導通模式(Discontinuous Conduction Mode, D.C.M.)。</p> <p>【設計重點與觀念】</p> <p>本設計概要就是探討如何來決定三個關鍵參數。從運行模式(C.C.M/D.C.M)方程式知,以下幾個參數決定了整個轉換器的運行。</p> <p>1. 工作頻率 (f<sub>S</sub>)</p> <p>2. 初(次)級電感量 (L<sub>P</sub>或L<sub>S</sub>)</p> <p>3. 變壓器匝數比 (<img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" />)</p> <p>這三個關鍵參數不僅影響了Flyback轉換器的運行特性模式,同時也決定了轉換器的效率、成本與體積。這是因為同時也決定了開關晶體與二極體的電壓電流應力以及輸出電容的漣波電流。當然對於變壓器的繞線與整個體積也直接相關。</p> <p>1. 開關頻率(Switching Frequency)<br /> 眾所周知,開關頻率越高,可以減小整個轉換器的體積。但是隨之而來的是轉換效率的降低以及EMI問題的難解。一般而言,在一個離線的Flyback 轉換電路中,開關頻率多半在幾十kHz。現行市售的轉換器控制IC多半將開關頻率設定在IC內部,多為65kHz左右。這樣的頻率等同於在效率、體積與 EMI問題,選擇一個折衷點。</p> <p>2. 變壓器的匝數比(n)</p> <p>假設轉換器在C.C.M運行模式下,</p> <p class="math"> <img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /></p> <p class="math">n為匝數比<img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /> </p> <p>當匝數比決定了,也就意味著隨著輸入電壓的改變,工作週期(duty cycle, D)也跟著變化。在最低輸入電壓V<sub>in,min</sub>與最大負載I<sub>O,max</sub>下,責任週期將出現最大值,D<sub>max</sub>。</p> <p class="math"> <img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /></p> <p>如果將<img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" />定義為V<sub>ro</sub>,可以聯想與開關晶體與二極體的電壓應力直接相關,以下將以此參數為變數,在設計上會更為直觀。</p> <img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /><br /> <p>換句話說,決定了最大工作週期或者V<sub>ro</sub>就決定了變壓器匝數比,同時也決定了與開關晶 體與二極體的電壓應力。雖然說,與開關晶體與二極體的電壓應力還必須考慮到變壓器漏電感造成的電壓突尖(voltage spike)與緩衝電路(snubber)的設計,不過以設計裕量的觀點來看,(4)與(5)也是選擇功率器件的主要參考。</p> <p>如果換句話說,V<sub>ro</sub>或者n圈數比的設計,事實上是一二次側電流,在一切換週期內的比例分配,不論轉換器勢操作在C.C.M或者D.C.M的狀態下。如果V<sub>ro</sub>小,相對應的二次側的電流峰值和均方根值都會較小,一次側則會變大,(在相同的一次側感量條件下),如果V<sub>ro</sub>大,則結果相反。以下則會探討利用V<sub>ro</sub>當變數,對整體效率的影響。</p> <p>在峰值電流模式控制的轉換器中,工作週期大於0.5 時,會有次諧波振盪(sub-harmonic oscillation)的問題,必須在迴路中有外加斜坡(external ramp)。在新型Flyback 控制器中,通常已經內置斜率補償了,所以不必擔心有次諧波振盪的問題。</p> <p>3. 初(次)級電感量(L<sub>P</sub>, L<sub>S</sub>)</p> <p>當匝數比確定以後,</p> <p class="math"> <img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /></p> <p>電感量的大小對應的是電流斜率的高低。圖二為次級側電流的波形。</p> <p class="picture">&nbsp;</p> <a href="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an035/html-images-zh_tw/an035-figure2-zh-tw.png?file=preview.png" class="fancybox"> <p class="picture" style="text-align: center;"> <img alt="" style="width: 500px; height: 283px;" src="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an035/html-images-zh_tw/an035-figure2-zh-tw.png" /></p> </a> <p class="a6" style="text-align: center;">圖二、次級側電流波形</p> <p>其中斜坡部分,</p> <p class="math"> <img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /></p> <p>利用梯形面積可求得輸出電流I<sub>O</sub>,</p> <p class="math"> <img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /></p> <p>當i<sub>LSK</sub> = i<sub>LS</sub>時,就是C.C.M 與D.C.M 的邊界電流,I<sub>OB</sub>,也就是</p> <p class="math"> <img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /></p> <p>在此定義一個漣波因數(ripple factor, K<sub>rf</sub>)為</p> <p class="math"> <img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /></p> <p>也就是斜坡大小除以梯形兩邊高度和。將(10)代入可得從(10)式可以看出K<sub>rf</sub>代表著有多少比例的負載電流工作在C.C.M,多少比率的電流工作在D.C.M。舉例來說,表示有60%的電流工作在C.C.M,40%工作在D.C.M。</p> <p>從(8)式可以看出電感L<sub>S</sub>大時, l<sub>OB</sub>也變高,K<sub>rf</sub>也變高。也就是說,K<sub>rf</sub>與L<sub>S</sub>有直接的關係。K<sub>rf</sub>將被用來定義電感大小的重要參數。</p> <p>從&rdquo;返馳轉換器工作原理&rdquo;中,轉換器運行存在一條C.C.M/D.C.M 邊界曲線:</p> <p class="math"> <img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAASwAAABUCAIAAAC3GZ06AAAJWUlEQVR4nO2dsYvjRhfA59+YWq2LwHappnKzTZptVbjZwkXggxO4S/cVA4YPUgUESyBwsAyk+SAYRJoUZ1ARSGHULcao2WIx4jCLEZNibJ9GGkkjydKMvO9X3S1eS7fe383ovXnvIQ4AgFGQ6RsAgI8OSAjcPPtotXQxQggh7NJVlJi+oRwgIXDjpJE/Rfc0fOP8PQ5+IujBjw6mb0oCJAQ+EseQOo7LtqbvQwIkBD4S+8DDsBICElvmOiiDQ8Oj6XsaMceQyj9OadFLd8HinixWcWruDlWAhGbZMvdHFoN3fXCM2Y8ZCfcbf+a4T5vEMgVBQtPYJuEh8h8QnrPdu97XbSYjYRKtqOu4P69jG+8fJDSLbRKKWCKe+htpvUg3/hRjL9ibuq02nCVM/vHdCbZyDRSAhGaxTkLOXwPvDk39KPMbm0b+FN15wau5u2qBkPBlHywwKn9QtACQ0CwWSpjugwWWkmlvIb3PaTkGcs+E9gISmsVCCcXm0yF0fTpZsg88XNigjgCQENDCSgn5+47NMV4E+/S0MJ7+PC5AQkALOyUUq594CHwNvDsRkjmG1HFoeBTZuMmMvZy9PMbsEbksNnrLBUBCQAtbJeRvIb3HXvAW+dPz86EsIcpkLEDCToCEZrFWQp5G/hTP6X9/uIRkZAnvCHHwjO1SDhJ2BCQ0i70S8vSFzSYok5mQJXx8Xn+eYbEpBQk7ARKaxWIJCyGZnIQs/rpjc4znbPcVJOwCSGgWmyXMU5DwKFZLPPu8fgYJ2wMSmmXkEvI0CZcEEdclIGFrQEKzjF1CfjpPgxBI2BqQ0Cw3ICHnyZoSDBK2BiQ0y5gkHBsgIaCFXRKiK2H63yEACQEt7JLwtgAJ1eRbqjRprvIW0h8I/TMcqPS7S425uNW1Rn9LkLA/QMJaYuY2KK9Mk3BJ8CLYp4OVfne60D7wsOh1WQ1I2B8gYS2NJExf2Ozu7MNgpd9dLnSI/Ifz0coKQML+AAlraSJhmjnLP2Dpd6cLyfdcBkjYHyBhLQ0kPET+g/TQeMXS72NI78ofR7tc6BhSp/bFIGF/gIS15CXMTO1AU+9pnenQumWuI+eCK0q/s+8zcekfUXWPrWoJ1Rd6j9ljNqiE3eUqKj4kFm+7CEjYHyBhLZKE6T5YYLJg0Z5znsarBXEya8iWuU4+eqoq/T5tF4n3FMYp52m8fvKmiCzDCg9rJFReSK7cSeP10sWKqyQhJXV711FIeIzZI8Iu/cUj4n+d8ydlNyBhLZKESUizJ4CPMXvM/PqqJFSVfisew9KNP3UKe8Jjbim75ElUn1nxQoXyOfVVbktChInHoiQ9HVIbQfM1kLAWeSVMwiVBE5f+xn4PC6MC1Pu6Qul3Tl3BIfIfqvaEtSth2YWk90xCSgp5i5vZjgoJL/+7HSL/AWXPjloKSFhL/pkwTaI/mX/a8MhPWYXAzOk7cqXfyvruuqJvDQk1LqRSXSsw8+WT892nv+0aElRASHixLvdXazn8/ek759MX07dRT0HCmLnDzAYqj46enuUya1pJuD8XkulrJVRfqG4lvKEUxUgl7GMlTJNwSeTn/zReLciUhoXzUekuWEwzKim+V2BOwiyFZ6p8sYyUrC9/G91nwo7oPBPeUrIeJDyTrCn5PntUI43/WroThEheQhGuy6v0GnjfF88z2iHhKRPgLkViItkwbyr/Bn87tlb5PlJ0VLxPTXS0DRrR0Zs6tgYSCt53bI6/bbX20WrpOiJonJUwTaI/qEtc+j+P4JxKIr6QO3hsiYRczu9h4v0a5qdYaZ6KbpgnbEMuuIqJ5wdSyP7GDnCDhJzz4n5ny2Zzf7PnMXMlCY8x+4/r/5Moo/qqrZk9En5MRiHhSLmyhGnkT4vbTs4LEl5QptYUiatqCQdYVT44IGF/XFfC8vW/mYSK96mQsMnpk5i5yipBOSxZWol965R/tAoJTd/siJF/tj1IqNwiNpNQBB2l8GGphO8DRRo/FseQOtIHBithf4xewi/bRjk3vZUQKAAS9sfot6Nfti1OnwCNAQn7Y/SBmYYrIdCSCgm7NLkBeP8pijONJNRKUVxeDM+EQ1C1Eg7WTedG6TtZ3wa9ZP03hjl90pYkWtFLbt+lq6gyM56ElFiZ/azejg7WTecmGeLYWkM0j61JWJsnfA28u3Np6Xsc/ESk6c1FRirhYN10bpKBDnB3/95xNv/NV2AoVgyZkUp41W46Hw6oJxyU25WwpJuOPJsluwuACPYFkHBI9oGHUWWsYrwSqrvpyBKiTLAUJLwAEg7HW0jv60L2FRKKwpOJiPCoqjd6RSdPqOimI0t4R4hzrvwCCS+AhAMhdmszf1MdsS+XcB94eOqxTcJPpdDDhj20kvWFJjf5UYHP688zLDalIOEFkHAI9hFbEDRdBIX69WNInax0pRLmS/hj5tb3pLgieidm8k1uivM6v+7YHOM5233tLOGIBu9UxypBwr4RectLMX7dq0tXwmRNCcYufWb/H3YjKtA8tpZrcqMampu+sNkEzz6vn7tIOLbBOyWZN845SNgzp5VBp3+EoDIwk0QB+8UjWC/vf11anh1VTa4WbSOJ65L2Eo5v8I76DArnHCTsFZHCLlLRcCEJKSm8XtGcJ3zyiIXb0QIl4+PfQnrfpXhljIN3yk9TgoTj4BD5D9KHfQypoz81sTvXlfC0u66RsLTL4zgH75R2OgcJR0K6YzM8cZd/xSk/RXoGLVAwUcpU6kOjwTvXumj3C5VV+oGEoyGbJ0TfDqwPhHUS6g3e4deeflU+eCdDyfQrRa26+DJICOhQKmGDziqVnN9PZwaO7uAd7elXVx28Uzr9CiQEOmHdSqgxeKdVrelVBu9UzdiC7SjQEhMDYfQDMwLlPJw+Zn7UD95RTr8qC8yMdyAMMChWrYRNBu/0Mf2q/kIq1SFFAXTDskZPWoN3Wq2EbdCefgXJeqADlkmoN3jHpulXcGwN6IptEnK9aTaWTL+CA9zAFbBQQk1smH5V++0gIVBPUwmPMXtEWMzEQwihc7croAhICGjRSkKEiceiJD2dFIXma2pAQkCLdhJegiKHyH8Yw7xOI4CEgBbtJBzd0FwjgISAFiBhf4CEgBYgYX+AhIAWIGF/gISAFiBhf4CEgBZb5jpSpZ2FXcJHxKkheXXhonWAhABgGJAQAAwDEgKAYUBCADAMSAgAhvkXY6eCTV+pQTMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" /></p> <p class="picture">&nbsp;</p> <a href="~/media/Richtek/Design%20Support/Technical%20Documentation/AN035/TW/Version1/image017.jpg?file=preview.png" class="fancybox"> <p class="picture">&nbsp;</p> <p class="picture" style="text-align: center;"> <img id="圖片 7" style="width: 619px; height: 426px;" alt="Technical Document Image Preview" src="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an035/html-images-zh_tw/image017_zh-tw.jpg" /></p> </a> <p class="a6" style="text-align: center;">圖三、對應不同電感值的C.C.M/D.C.M 邊界曲線</p> <p>圖三為對應不同電感值的C.C.M/D.C.M邊界曲線。曲線的下方表示D.C.M區域,曲線上方表示C.C.M區域。</p> <p>黑色曲線代表最大的電感,同時大部分的工作點將落在C.C.M(假設滿載電流為5A)。棕色曲線表示電感值最 小,幾乎所有工作點都落在D.C.M 區域。一旦電感值確定,就存在唯一的一條C.C.M/D.C.M 邊界曲線了。以藍色曲線為例,(90V, 2.2A)與(240V, 4.2A)代表同一的電感值的轉換器。</p> <p>依照以上的說明,設計工程師只要定義了在最低輸入電壓下的K<sub>rf</sub>值,就等同定義了電感值了,這樣的理解,有助於電感大小的取決。</p> <p>到底K<sub>rf</sub>選擇多大最為適當呢?以下本篇指南,會以K<sub>rf</sub>為第二個變數,在選定的變壓器下,推導出可能效率最佳化的K<sub>rf</sub>值。請注意,這樣的設計出發點,只考慮滿載輸出的效率狀況,間接反映在滿載狀況的溫昇,但現實上,由於現行的能效法規定義效率是25%,50%,75%和 100%四點的平均效率,所以在實務上,並不見得滿載狀況,是效率最佳點,只要散熱能在安全規範下。但由於控制器在輕載控制策略的多元化,有可能是降頻操作或者是cycle skip mode,使得數學模型更為複雜,則不在本文的討論範圍內。</p> <p>從變壓器體積與轉換效率的觀點出發,一般的經驗法則,加上許多實務量測結果,離線Flyback轉換器在最低輸入電壓時的K<sub>rf</sub>的最佳值約為0.4。對到圖三的藍色曲線,如果是單一高壓輸入(220Vac)系統,就取在0.8左右最為適當。</p> <p>【電壓電流計算】</p> <p>一旦變壓器參數確立了,不同工作點運行時的器件電壓與電流就可以透過工作原理輕易計算出來。</p> <p>C.C.M</p> <p class="picture">&nbsp;</p> <a href="~/media/Richtek/Design%20Support/Technical%20Documentation/AN035/TW/Version1/4?file=preview.png" class="fancybox"> <p class="picture" style="text-align: center;"> <img alt="" style="width: 700px; height: 262px;" src="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an035/html-images-zh_tw/an035-figure4-zh-tw.jpg" /></p> </a> <p class="picture">&nbsp;</p> <p class="a6" style="text-align: center;">圖四、為C.C.M 初次級側電流波形圖</p> <p>以下是基於最低輸入電壓下,定義V<sub>ro</sub>與漣波因數K<sub>rf</sub>下,計算電感值與各電流參數的公式與順序:</p> <p>(1) 利用定義好的V<sub>ro</sub>,得出最大工作週期D<sub>max</sub>,計算出變壓器初次級匝數比</p> <p class="math"> <img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /></p> <p>對應方程式(4)、(5)如第二頁,事實上V<sub>ro</sub>已可以選定所需的MOSFET和Diode耐壓。</p> <p>(2) 以K<sub>rf</sub>和V<sub>ro</sub>為變數,設計所需的感量。</p> <img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /><br /> <p>(3) 以設計出的感量,後續的電流波形,峰值、均方根值都可以依續推導。</p> <img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAicAAAC1CAIAAAALA8jrAAAgAElEQVR4nO2dwYvjSL7n47L/wkKcXacdz7BD0n1IaBBMjw6d23Rd8pIwOpgGDyRD0wUl0CEhD9PkQYOHpgqaVxBsdj0aGopYCoaB7mTEQJPMGw+CHqgdjHi7vflcRm97k36JEF2JMYH2EJItyZIt27IkZ34/p8qstBXplOIT8Ytf/IIEAAAAQFWQuhsAAADgHgHrAAAAqA5YBwAAQHXAOgCAu8SNbR60THtSdztAHrAOAOCu4A+4rhJCYJ0mA+sAAO4Gvm129PMLfqbAOk0G1gEA3CV824R1Gg2sA0AT8JyLz8xPL11Rd0Oaizc47/W4vewjgnWaDqwDQN34A26csIFXdzt2AOFenOjPB/7UPEOutQghhLQ0PgyCANZpPrAOALUiRpZxbNo3dbdjZxAj3u2cx8STAtZpOrAOADUyHnG9y68QV1uF8Yh/pJp9P/t/YZ2mA+vUzsTlXUK63MVjcv/wLF3t2bnDdpCDGDD1iDm3dbcDrAOsUzuwzr3l1mFHKhs01Tm3Djsk1LC8ZAM9S6d7unVdU6skwrNODpr70YFFwDq1A+vcV5o/YM8QjPAsg86rqHo8Sz9gTt2tAGsA69QOrHNf8Sy93fD1h2tL36MdPpp27mLA1FYz5mdDrmmNdjbIAdapHVjnnjKxzZbG3bqbsRjhMJUcTjv31Je14tvmYd2BPrAOsE7txK0jfOcrU2sTQgihis4sB3s47irCs4ymT3WCIBBXvLMXTW5ubPOA6lYzbsqJy4+bMesCqwHr1M7MOmLEO1TVz/uuCALh9nsapcd8NK67hWAb7EqnGVvI8SydHjRma9HE5V1kSO8isE7tTK3z75a+ryR2IVxb+n6sY5q4vEuUI02hhFDF/MaxThVCiHJqueMg8JyLnkblNKnDBp4Y8Y7MyvX7pvKwMZ0FkExc/lG0nb7Z+H1T2det7z3LoGpzFvBhnV0F1qmdyDqj/8nU/WSceuLyLpmF/icu74ZGcZhK2hp75U8DILNx6K3DDonGXbmZzviCnz1UcrfUgbrYHesEtw47pI/OztS9ToM2tMI6u0oF1vEc/pTVP9AWvv3c5IPmdb4rWkd+6XItXNSd7sQWvvNnzl8wXSWEhD8mrninTRTsQ2wgO2QdmUJNZnt3XK7Rh9pRm5DDf/rTRU+uRFLNvHAqfL5gnV1l29bxBuy0V79yJA2vPnJdKMI2s45MQAitM3aYSjXzBefWP5zpj/l9U6EEi0NN5Pbvj/9r6/Ff625GQZK3oss10u7wKyEGTG0pxoUrhG/3lErT227//vi//Kf/9s/lXk+MeCe1diWHbolsw7FrP9cVGc5ua+ZXjhzViSveUZo0HWwoMeu4XCOKaZc4WBG+3VNnGS+lbHWezzP2BqxDiWpYo+V/bHHFu3pju+Awm0BOyDKyCRZZ59Y2W/Kz9V8xrU1U5ogb23yomN8M+HErvuWiCQjXPtcVIol+5Txcrs0qCtfFZjde9hsumOuMXeu0udXEprffbM4dBMGQa3sV/pm2MNcRV7yzlxj5iZFlxIIHQSC7NUVKNwgHdlFen/DtnoJB3jK2Ote5tvSDhE5K2OqcevhXffKFZxmtpqR+zpOTOR0+5LcLrDORsiGEUO3sTKP08f+4MBUZW2vcEGw84seUdtjAC7vX6TOcSROts6FygoXWkZ9Jg89hvpvWkX3R1BmeYzFdOdCfnWk0bh3fNpXYnZD68trS9xqTXN5QtjjXEQ5T0zrZfKtz/OFf68l3udaEeh6rcW3p+h3aRjrkWiv2ZA651iIL9ks2zjqbKyfItY4YWcaBYl46vLsD1qkzwla2dcSAqTR5Wz40rJGY2GaruHWEZxm0KRtpG8r2rCMy8yw33uo8ffh/HPFjKvO4VmrXxDZbtdcuXBHPMroNC5EVYWKbewV6hfTTPkezrLPujZfxhpnWce0/2K6YuDthnSAQ7uXdyCYQDlMzb7O0dbIibPGRtMs1QndhJ1ZtbM86vm0qGQPYTbc6y4f/yGSGQsha2VlDrrUa+zjfKQpZRz7DC/ceNsg6m9x482+4YF2n2dZpBOVaR85RsjrAtHUC2XGRKanYycQ2WwRBtgXMWeev35it1EcfX2wgVOtdOF7y6CThD841mloTzgubbLjVWT78hJC2dnaqUaoYF1nnqMsmkaz6ZqnwThBE99Uciddm/D+IkfW3Wm4dMeIdumzeELeO71yY4V5YoujMqmxwXfDGC8JsjuWaLNk6Nf7pqyHzIyrPOvnlENPWubHNg1leqEw3SGQQLIsY33sKWEcMmLoX9QvegHWoyhwR2yYyONfofIw7/6PfaKuzvDlkPzWWsY6shejUTpdiDQNlkKPwjFGkcC8MpTW/g3Vim6348z+1jkwx0p/b7jgIxm7/qUYXpiFsRGqyXvDGS0Sflr3hCtYpMjC6Z2zDOlnR/pR1PEunyfFAOqSGHmYJBayTvRAirXM5tE4VqvX688O+BR99aqvzxOVdeqQdUUJUNhgtDhOnhiRy3CGzoeKb1yIyGrDmXAeszKK5jqzf09Z6l9kzhjihda48y6CJ0Nbc2qHLNaJomkIIIUqv73xlKJSEy/4bVgxa8cZbfvMgwrYhNUXYlloHEbZlFImwyUElIYrOOOdhTMO3TYUqyj4hNHsvSM66jiSx1VkWejnmo3GBlJi5ibDcCCk7o+nmtWVzHTzOVZBrnfFqC/Khdf7VYYfphzk1sXC5FhYKGjCVUu184N+O+DFVmfMfG1YMKnjjLZjrzL8hrLMJ28gmyMoCyIywKQYP68F7A9ZJ7KtDNsEyilhHMnbtP3L+TA8TNnzbVAjtPLv40lD2sroP4VkGzb0p4ludMwu9BPH0/4lttsJA+Xz4VfqJKsaFO5o+8PnW2cUcth0lzzpyzJFiQf+xmnXkl0OuteUNNrHNVsu0JxtWDCp448E6lVF65vQV77Qz5ijz2QTCtfl0dTF1Igkyp5czt0Y3sXOsEyIcppIud29m6zo5OUjRTxZ5/JZYJ2PDaSZuAevs5H6deZp8pv2WEMUibFPrxIYsLbP/j21WDHJLtw5YynZ2iW4ojDx1gRjLrSMcps5WbmTJB8PyvFgOm5xyynr7cYqpIm6IvAibZ+lqgQHpcus0vDbBKjT5TPstEWYTcMcX2dkE+db5l3/ZZsUgWKcGKqmIs+LrURGnCJnWSa2o/xgrdZeZOR0Zfu7RFQ47WP48Jwyx0aaz5da5tvTuXZn8NvlM+62RnTkdOSbfOvbNNisGrWOdLVT/zN5v25ixSMnNq6r65wovblrpqYay7ZrT4xH/7clGhUNKRPj2Z8YduicafKZ9xQjPOu3s2LxhGzWnM3vw5lQGK7d5W7EOqID7dL7O4EvzfMMqJg2juWfaV8y1ZRi7FtbYToTNs/Rk1LFZY5Eym4fzdXYVnCW60zT2THuwlC2t69w67JDMMixSX1bCon1aJTYP1tlVYJ0dp6Fn2oOlTFx+vI1FODHiHRrNHsLbo9qcxoWVkMprHqyzq8A6u04zz7QHSxGeZbS30mlOV0qmueZXG518UzQ/ImJJ/b355q13225L22DbwDq7TxPPtAfLmdhmeyvrcNPtDd8nT0DfLoXr75XVPN82D+/o1rQ7DqxzB2jgmfagAJ6lH2wnKCoGTN1/ZJ6o4d4RmUf+ncu7RDnWtTYhhGrng9kkY+LyLlGONIUSQhXzG0ceZio34YVzne+41lYePdIoIYurGS2tNZ7RvP0j7SElVGV/H8n6W7NNGnkMuabhlt5FYJ01wJn2oAzEgKlH2+k35Tb7aQ3KmHVkxVK/byrt2P0wmf6XcJga1rKLMiRn1mlR7XzgT3y7pyyIuS0/4WK+eS2580w4TA2rtd7Y5sGiRAPP0rcToATbBtZZFZxpD8ri1mFH24qAeZZOU3/972Jbp1P3Q2ZVqmgn+Mw60UsWr/QUOc0vo3lRlcWpaRZdRXjWibp+EQFQJ7DOKuBMe1AuBUs9bcqq1pF9/brWWbN5q1hHXPFOB/fzjgLrrALOtAclMx7xjw62vuC/K9YpGGEbj/hHmOjsLrDOGjTbOmC3ECPLON7y9t5864T+uG2IdWaneeVnE4gR73biqRBgx4B11gBn2qfZ5qd9DxAj6+QkPJa0aq4tXd+hM3OFe3GiP4dydhr0F2uAM+1B6XgO/9Q8zzgKfsuXtYzuZqc8VIfnXHxmflrgyHPQbGCdNUCEDQAA1gTWWQNYBwAA1gTWWQNYBwAA1gTWAQAAUB2wTlXcr9OFAQAgG1inMu7V6cIAAJANrFMh9+h0YQAAyAbWqZL7c7owAABkA+tUyr05XRgAALKBdSqmrON716Wi04UBACAbWKdi5o/v3ezkm2J1GCs/XRgAALKBdSonfXxvtax8ujAAAJQJrFM9+acLN+FM+4zmrXGmPQAAZAPr1EHe6cKNONN+vnmrn2kPAAA5wDq1U+2Z9ms2b6Uz7QEAIBdYp3Z25XRhWAcAUAKwTu3sinUQYQMAlACsUzt36kx7AABYDKzTZHbsTHsAAFgKrNNgdulMewAAKASsAwAAoDpgHQAAANUB6wAAAKgOWAcAAEB1wDoAAACqA9YBAABQHbAOAACA6oB1AAAAVAesAwAAoDpgHQAAANUB6wAAAKgOWAcAAEB1wDoAAACqoyHWGbt9Zp6/8mtuxo3NnvKmHRsjrnhnTzH7sQ/nxjYPosN4JJ5z0ZMn3xCi6ud9VwSBPIeNHvPRuOo2AwBADk2wzti1TJ3VrhzJjW1+ZNo3dTdjivAsg1LD8qYHHngD1qGExKwzHvFjGp7yGQT+gOsHkaVubPOAdnBcAgCgKcSs43KNKKZddecvRrxzMD0L+dZhhyTRyQZBEASepdM93bou9pZDrrUSUwH/FdPaRDm13AKjfr9vqifpBqx33c3x+6bSUtlAtka4/XP9UPvsqd6KWUcMmErj50kLh6nkkDm30b8PmuRRAMC9pva5zo1tPpz2qkGQKZj58f5ikr3/SsoJgiC4ddhRMqJVkNKtIzzLoJE/gmDItbZiXLhj24xbx+UaIS3Tnp056nKNtKJjp68tfY/qVsPihgCAe0rdcx3P0um0V5VcW/peIigkBkxtJcy0hFjvv7JygiAIJrbZWkFyWdcth2tL34tNYjzH/l9+2L6l1pl+J2f6CAAAdVCvdbInMfEA0fyXBYh6f3HFO21CO2yw4kDf5RopHtCbu+6KL8tlYpstkjFNSVlHDJhKYz8mZ0gzD01ss7XOrwMAAOVTr3VuHXaYHKUHQRBmbUWTmxvbPFgxQDTkWoscnTFDJYSuEyub2GaLrjK7il23ROu4XCNZzUhZR2YTUK3Xd0UQCPfCUCiJWUc4TJ0F3AAAoE7mrPPXb8xWyj3Cd74ytbZMy6Va76K03GLfNpUM68TnQJ6l01UXw4dca8m2np1ps+SuNPPJYBET22yl2uXbpkLmSbw2bp1kKjOzHH/1AFdieSbdvLzMaar1LqxnCV3lvQ8AAFROAeuIAVP3tDCz2RuwDo2lS21G/uTA75vKvm5971nG6pcbcq0VBtbCIFvmnpUh1/ay++KMbr3wdTXuysmHop/bcvJx2dPa66QvF53rZDZ/FlLDXAcA0BwKWGdim60FqwKxQT3tsMH/G/HjVhgQC5PBvDDmQ5VHjzTa5e50CpE315GvPaSPzs7UvQ6/EsHE5V16pB1RQtQnf/rL09m4PmPilcph65sKpdr5wBdB/H1CcicT68915udnGUkTBVhlXSeWdDBxeTeePoB1HQBAcygSYRu7/acaJUTRGefcchLLJLMe9tZhh2Gf2zIsTwRiwNQjNhhEW+tlRCtunZx1ndk7k6j3lD3pMR+NhcPUMGh2Y5sHJGMmlJpCCd/uKeECz+x9ls111l/XGTlMTadI5F9rEakctnjz8naJynCo0uFX0YuQwwYAaBBFrCMZu/YfOX+mKzQZLBK+82fOXzBdjcb+15a+r7LBxGGqypz/iA3zPUtPzHVktlX8O3HC9xFBEFpH4678x7QjdrkWvVzOTzQ+zArc3djmASGqYf3bKHyfYJEJNsthK886qf06EZnrOtxQopU38yI2MkhnuAEAQJ3M7RKd2DnWCREOU2OeEA5TqWa+4Nz6hxN26MKzDKqemI/2VTYQ3gLryO8USZxbbp0guLb0g2WqmL5PsMAE6+7XiSgrwhakaxOsAWoTAAAaxXLrSK/0onqSvt1TUmsG8ku5H1P6QAbH5CB9VrxyPsIWZNQmyGZmi9wIm2fpas9ekipWxDpr1yaYIrMJDFlIdP1sgulbra9A1GEDADSLTOvEl8u73P3RtZ/rCk1mTkddtpTNNE057B8TCxJimk2gHSlz8TQx4p3VbBGtM62Txl3AOn7fVD/auE5zGZnTkoya04VfiprTAICGsXYdNuFZp53VFirGrnWqZAzbhW9/qm00tygRb8BOe4hHAQDAdljbOteWYRQaRAu3Px30zyJ16R/yB1824Hwdb3De+zS7hQAAAEqg9prTAAAA7hGwDgAAgOqAdQAAAFQHrAMAAKA6YB0AAADVAesAAACoDlgHAABAdcA6AAAAqgPWAQAAUB2wDgAAgOqAdQAAAFQHrAMAAKA6YB0AAADVAesAAACoDlgHAABAdcA6JXN5eckBAKCROI5Tdx8J65TNxx9/TAAAoMHU20nCOiVzeHhY+x8VAAAaC/rHkmnCUAIAABoL+seSgXUAAGAB6B9LhhDy1ltv1d0KAABoKLBOmfzwww8PHz58/Phx3Q2JIQZMpVS3vOR3Pcug1LA8UVOzAAD3FFinTBzHaZx1sgVzbel7cyoCAICtA+uUSSOtEwSepdN2h19NtSMcppJD5tzW2SoAwL0E1ikTx3F++ctfPnnypO6GpLh12CFRmSMyvwQAgOqAdcrk66+//uCDDzjndTckjRjxDo0mN37fVPZ167ruRgEA7iOwTplwzptpndhCjvAsgyo928dMBwBQA7BOmXDO33333UZaR/h2T6GG5X1v6fsqG8A5AIBagHXK5PPPPyeENKG+XgZiwNT9R+aJSo/5aBwEQ67tH2kPKaHqP138padRQghpa+ZXDqZBAICtAeuUyePHj5trHRlbIyRKmB5yrUU7fCRuHXZIlFPLHQd+31RamAkBALYHrFMmaeuIkWWoLdOe1NqqGZ6lT3MKgiHX9jQ+DIIh19qRaSYu7xKNu7U2EwBwh4F1yuQ3v/kNIeT169dBECqHENIg6ySAdQAANQDrlMkvfvELWfpTuBeG8tC0/861VuOtgwgbAKA6YJ0ymRacFq79B9sVwXAXrBMEwu0jmwAAUAmwTpnMHXPQZOsAAEANwDplQgj54IMPYt+AdQAAIAGsUxqvX7+eK/2Zso5vm0rGIeax1fstHJHeIKr9gwAAmgg6gtLIKjiNuQ4AACSAdUrDcZz33nsP1gEAgAXAOqXx7bffvvPOO59//nnse7AOAAAkgHVKo8EFpwEAoCnAOqUB6wAAwFJgndLgnL/99ttff/31Zm9z67BDQg3LS27V9Cyd7jXgKLaGNw8A0HRgndJ48uQJKaXgdEYPLjzLoPN9fS00vHkAgGYD65RGecccXFv6Hu3w0bQPFwOmNqc8WsObBwBoNLBOaZR4uI5wmEqmRxKkv6wE3zY10/ab2jwAwK4C65TGr3/9a0LIDz/8UMJ7iSve2YtmDze2eRAdxVYZi6yz9eb5/Z7552p/XwDuJMOX5heDhtXzhXVK46c//Wl5RV9iKyWepdMD074JXK6RLnfX2/wTqzBdiIXWyWxeadzYvTM+Gpf3hruPP+C6SgghhCo6R1FwUBjh259qZj/vSa4FWKc0Si415vdNZV+3vvcsg6rMqaafmdhmK6N+WsZG1201T/j2px0sESW4ddhhuJCGA5BANp7DDUU+rorBnXik4NrSu40KgMM6pVF2gctbhx3SR2dn6l6HX4kgiOY633GtrTx6pFFCSFtjr2KjmCHX2op2pBBCyIHZf2UZKiFUMS5cIec637m8S5RjXWsTQqh2nj/1XjzXmW/exOVdeqQdUULUJ3/6y1N5XA/VehfOSqGyxj0hDcO3TQXVLkAK4TCVHvPRWEa8SXIgKBx2UHWIfhGwTmk8ePDgww8/LPMdPUunZLY5ZmadFtXOB/7Et3tKIuY2jP7rR4cdEtphA0+MeIceMseZWYd22MAL/L6ptPNjbkutk2rexOVdQo/5aCwcphLVsEYi6wFY/isfVDWx20XEgKkPS41ngrvGxDbTZbgmttlu0MaGOq0j3MtPzS/rWenybWa+LDE+nlVwenOuLX1/Fk6ZWSdaoUmv9EwXbyYu74bd/cQ2W4pp/2NmnfBghcUrPQWsk2jeJHrn2KUzWrgY4VlGq7ZBmfCdlyZb8jtXQe7NeWObR+HEt9F4Dn/K6lej8O3nJh/U/wetlFuHHSnphZxrSz9ozibu2qwj3IsT4+WoxgfI75vap/a64nnz5k28DMF2rJNkVetIu6xpnVUpxTpJy1aK8AfP9V5TFl3FiHe7PPF0CLffO+4kAqrNxBuw0179ypGMR1zv7oCny0L4dk/t8Ll+9dZhh+sGZscjfkyVnu2LQLj2uR6uHhGq6M9tN8z6EW7/PEx4IYSoOrPksEmMeKd1nEoOqsk64op3OnWH74Vv99R1R9ac8/fff380GskvHcd59913P/nkkxLbl2Y3rBOsH2ETA6buJ0dkY7cfLhERRT+3XRG2vOxK3n7fVE+mIQjhMJXMF/i5tvS9FXLEXa6RVuwTFv7gXKNymW3pixPdpXAvDOXAsNYfpAn3sqe1wx7hvO/OxgTKshntatdJPFNiwFQ694mtWsliyLVW/OTDwH/FtDZRTi23QKKjuOJdvXhKpHC+OIlbqvyPKO/Cg/OT2Ch8neuO3f7TTidzsTY5FlypXSPeCZNUb2zzgFCt13dFeE9SEtroinfaURbD2LVOFUITOyuSIpxZJyMauC2Eb/eU2UcgfLunpLYZZnRAecR62CCIPpoOGxToHMSAqUdryO/Nmzc///nPCSGfffaZ/M7l5eW777673dKfuda5jT6BRlgnrorVsgk8S6fxJ03eGFJg3oB1KE0PmkpiPrKXJZhVa80lrLOScqLLtWTXfG3pe0tSChfj902lpRgXrpDNaG8tTJeK5GQKZkV5p6yzknKiNhQO215b+t56vfNmCM8y6CZbrcXIMg4W3F0T22ytU7MqVojEs3Qav/dkm/d06zpwuTbTTBD+yaYf49yDU8tc59rS9xJPzlxJFeEwtehnFO/vZN9UTDlRS9bY4cg5/9nPfkYImWqm5oLTnqV3YoPB3UQ4TE1M3ZJdgMu1cP5R9lwnY4gju8u45G4ddrhafzSzzurKCYIgGHJNKSMWn+rRhlxrhfd82QP5jMfWs/Sk5FavZBGzzsrKCYIgCFyuFetMxIh3KCHx5lUz15FzhXjHvdp15Z940cBkvQIiOZP+kIlttkhL48OJbbYSrfVtU4nVCE67vI65zsQ2W63kKFskt33cOuyocHx/ap1VlROs05UEQRAEv//97+Ufd5q0Vqt1hGf99g4Erye22cpbBBJuv6dFGijbOp6l07kHMjUSWqPWXGQd2ZctzFPPxLdNpeyaFHIa2o7l4pfYpYqszVupR2yNJy6yjuyaV3vAgyCQN1aRSeqtw7r6i+c6pbPV+FI+oolt7i26X4XDDvTnL/S9MGBV1nXjrPOGtw47JLnrsjKqdMxHP7q8SxJvPnF5N/ZC+eXsEavDOul4dxAEyVmY3zfVjwrHUqR1nl2srJzotatPPC8vLz/88ENCyPvvvy+/wzl/8ODB5eXlSu8DYsjx2vwtPh3HtbXepSuC0q2TY7vxiB9Hfajw7Z6y6n3ico20jsynhkIJWaN8w8Tl3dWjafnITHdCqPa0L+cKJXdtvm0qiQWYIAjCCUTU44Sbi1eawA251iJHZ0xuPltnm32xG8bvm51zRyTP8qjCOje2qTPnNjGx2Ip1Vj2L5NrS93LuQBn9lvsFJ8usIx+x2dUbYx2561C3vJXTZ+VvGOZOrLjimv50guzt+dm2j28L/eSTT8oq/XlfyfhbxBHuhaG0FLPvR53IbcYd6zkXvTD7gLQ18yvHF4kb23/FtL1kUZn8685GQteWvr9yf+dyTeb6aKdnC+JCMmqU8USsOSRaghhZhhqOqWXX9tdvzFaqgxO+85UZZh9MF+fiG1RlzFDVE3nJc8v+IdM4tvAsg06H80UZcq0l23F2ptHcZ9wbsA4lJKsBsaBiLrOAQVbv/38zNuf6zoUZ3WtUMy+c3NtjsXU8y5D5ivHki1KuGye7111M3h80FTFebp3U1eesM+RacsnFd7iuREvD/VXi0nnk/P5ixDstw/K+t3RtlYHhJNr5eD3ix9kLzmHYdD6sudGD/atf/YoQ8vr16yBZcDrtLJAk+vxSQ+Ml1gl/vmXak1zrCIep0/mu/4ppeyobjKc/JpWTXlxZcN2osGlmCG4pLteiAhBhkC0jpXVBcvnSDyT6uewyRrkvnEXh86wjBkzdi8peeAPWoSpzxNQ6oXLmev/8TiqcKX6/Vmb8kGutMLAWBtkyk0oWZMekG5YxuxUDdhAlMcqryGlubu9/67DDKGoqP5D0HZLzd0kJ/tZh3WgSMB7x43AFboPrZrO2ddLhUBmkTSxSLlvXWdk615audviVkL9hq4yR18Q2WzTr5ru2dFU7O9VW250eyyYIE/jmBlO5W3MzoszF5zpyfvPtt98GpR5zcF+Z72RTQ1TfNhWiMkfkWiczUUfe2P3hhaHsRTG6xdedIQuNmGcPQ2G4XKMPtaM2IYds8F0/nFaFk6r0i1M5bLOIhPzV9o+0h3TRPVbWXCf9PhPbbMW7tnnrZC+ESOtcDq1TJXsAmmedMF/jkXkSVW1ZqX5SKoetbyo06nZj7xOS2bEuneukqv/F8i9ye/9VVt0WzHXCsF70pXUCqk0AAAX7SURBVGfplKpsIEq5bpx1rDMXYZPLq+lCXLFmx18Y61eXRdiyrJP1rE57Z7qv7P9n5UhTKKGa+UxXCJHBhDChO/oy9ctkfnCJue20+1ef/OniVJGPd16vEd2UsTjMnD8y4odr5rBJOOckSmOTyzxv3rxZ651AkLWuM45PXoV7YSiy5lt+hC18KqiiP+P8peV4QaiifWWf5oyRF2YxhFnL8XiLXIq/ddhheGPnVeRMP+c3tnkQLfAMudaamWzBXKeMoLcY8c40g0CMLEONXTozwhblvis645xbMobj26ZCFWWf5EzactZ1ZBPk4lz0rK1UPyklM+lvucAze5+lc52FH+Rc9T/PCnMK8iNd0RYoVWcvOP/zokInudYRnnVykLhzri2ZU/CvL0q4bpx11nVkNkE0lwojRplp97LZmft1ggLZBGnrBIHvWPwLU2unYojTceXENlv0mI+8sDLu5Ip3VN36d5d3c2LZqf068f+JzXOnA65pLf34UuRstS21XyccVHb41Xg68s37q29W1erbb78lhHz88cdB+aU/7yNZvX9snWZ2+y1Y1wmCIAiEa7/knOmz24C0tWd/4IaanUiW3ieUeK9EXtbMEEOuteeqAUUjHfnv+dGl3zcVSpRTy/3f+Vt9Zz9dXg5bfJ0mNjPLtY5k7Np/5PyZrlDa4SMhwyadZxdfGspeerQ7/azyevdElHJpJQvfNhUy+6hTUyjpb9Ww/m1UZP/Zshw24TCVZEENy8nt/cPXuvZL/oLpat6YJmxAbv9Dsy68p7/47yVcN85a6QlixDtRkldOwJCEQVfHYrPaBKnZf37m9KxxefeN3zeV2Z7KiW22NO7O/jFxebdl2pPAt80DjQ9nh4LMp5aJK945WtLdT2yz1eXuJNak6J2DIAhubLO7+EOctjDnr55XPaIor1+/JlEaG6yzOatuKViW/3LrsEOi8eFsXadvRvPg5IUHTF1QCDXGUusUzYUZFrBOWft1lhHuI859lKJ9VDezdR27p2Rl5c3tuMq95PL6SbNNskXeJ1hkncL7dfJZVuq7+C1U03XXPfC3hG2zcXVJllnHs/TpsuGq1gnJ/uCEe2EsLoM2tU7mXEcMWGdJFbUl1vFfMd1cbbvZHFPZEELeeuutTd4KLJxzZDBnHbnQGqUFR7kAP8x+LF7sIE7htMlZt5gXYbsulgtTwDqFut0ymLOOcJg6W7mZ5gJ4sQf5xjYPsiIZBatMLq2fJDzrRF2eNFjEOqWUlJ3rxGTCxTTgv05GeKXXXbc2QbwiznosrIgTEqV7RiucP7r28zCHjchEyVAqy6zzf/zBeVRBK3XKUPT7LK45PbVOGCjMW9fJZZF1/FfnJutvppwgOrX61atXDx482G7pz9XJLr3VZFYogxQE81N+jbuJ6oRZmdPJtaLEpQ8KbBGLGyJcQ5qPJxRhqXXmI/5bI/05pp76zMzpMMo/v8AjHHawPH5QRv2k9PvkWaeUE5tkxG8WVdL4MFHvsngGcz3XzdzAW5BY9c/VKav6ZzzV777z5MkTQsjLly+3XnB6VaorvVUivm2qdR2UKUYvjZOVKtZsE7/fq7ci+/qMR/y3JxsUKi0V4dufGTtw52+bTWpOlw+WIjZCprH97ne/a5h18ktvNRqcrxMEgZyI13TuVDk05nydwZfmefPPhqgAnK9zh3AchxDy4YcfvvPOO0+ePKm7OZkkS281HJwlCkDpxHODGwCssxFv3rwhhDx48GDrxxysx3zpraZTShQeADBDOOygSaEOWGdTfvKTnxBC6jzmYCnx0luNRzjnnXUqPAIAMgmri9bdjBmwzqbINLb33nuvudbJKJTUZBr3kACwu4jRS6MxR7NLYJ1N+fzzz2USoyzI1gzyS2/tBP6rc3bZnIAAADvL8KX5RdMyU2CdTfn666+ldRpV+jO39BYAANQKrLMpMo2tadbJLb0FAAC1AuuUQCOtAwAATQTWKYGPP/4YpT8BAKAI6CtL4G9/+9vbb79ddysAAGAHgHUAAABUB6wDAACgOmAdAAAA1fH/AfOW2kBu/eR8AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" /><br /> <p>Input current:</p> <img alt="" 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" /><br /> <p>流經輸出電容的等效電流</p> <p class="math"> <img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /> </p> <p>流經輸入電容的等效電流高頻電流</p> <p class="math"> <img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /> </p> <p>實務上,離線flyback 轉換器,流經輸入電容的交流電流還包含交流輸入電流的漣波120Hz,但這部分的電流除了效率差異外,不會與K<sub>rf</sub>、V<sub>ro</sub>相關。</p> <p>因為(17)~(23)式是基於最低輸入電壓與最大負載電流計算出來的,所以</p> <ul> <li>開關晶體的最大電流應力<img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /></li> <li>初級繞組的最大RMS 電流<img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /> </li> <li>次級二極體的最大平均電流<img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /></li> <li>次級繞組的最大RMS 電流<img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /></li> <li>輸出電容的最大RMS 電流<img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /></li> <li>輸入電容的最大RMS 電流<img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /></li> </ul> <p>這些數值關係到功率半導體的選用以及變壓器鐵芯選擇(繞線粗細有關)。</p> <p>D.C.M</p> <p>由於D.C.M 操作模式,K<sub>rf </sub>= 1,輸入輸出電流各有其他的公式,本文不另行推導,詳細請見&rdquo;定頻返馳式轉換器設計指南&rdquo;。</p> <br /> <br /> <h2 id="__Bookmark__2">2. 元件損耗的估算</h2> <p>本章節將以K<sub>rf</sub>、V<sub>ro</sub>為變數,帶出功率元件的一些損耗公式,藉由數學模型,我們有機會可以在設計理論上推導出最佳工作點。</p> <p>(1) Bulk CAP loss:</p> <p class="math"> <img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /> </p> <p>(2) MOSFET conduction loss:</p> <p class="math"> <img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /> </p> <p>(3) MOSFET switching loss:</p> <p class="math"> <img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /> </p> <p class="math">上述的切換損失,用簡化的方式計算on/off loss,這裡假設on/off交越時間都為T<sub>cross</sub>,切換時的電流都用<img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" />近似。</p> <p>(4) Current sense loss:</p> <p class="math"> <img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /> </p> <p>(5) Snubber loss:</p> <p>假設變壓器的漏感為<img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" />,定義V<sub>Z</sub>為MOSFET clamping電壓,clamping電路為ZCD架構,(雖然一般應用為RCD架構,能節省材料成本,但為簡化數學模型,用V<sub>Z</sub>取代,損耗在滿載是可以近似的)。假設<br /> <img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAhwAAABKCAIAAAB/1BroAAASjElEQVR4nO2dv4vjypbH69+oWKmzziZSpKSTSZx0UIGTDjpYmKBAwcAEFzoQGC4MPN6FgmZgYXlDwcBj4GK2eMmwdw0KHswORnD3bmNMLRdzXyPEozGm0Auq9FuyJVnutnvOJxtPWyqVpfOt86OOUAwAAAAAA4GeewAAAADAywFEBQAAABiMMxSVKPibL9VzjwIAAACokomKCpiDRhN+X7LXKmAOuqBiffC5lpxYqILl+dv2x9j6ntXxKwdw/DkBAAB4UeQ9lbWgF8hhQcGCPgZsjOypHx3uGyw5sRDh8pBjPK2oHH9OAAAAXhSF8JcKmIMuPf8h+ygUFNcs1XvRKCpK+twj2Lgu2KYffLmJ4ziOglnyOSbT2beZZ+UdnI30P1Bb//+IeNyXG30WfEWuMEIIO2xx4MiPPCcAAAAvimJORd3zyQhTEZp/b1b8BmNXhIPYzwZRUQvmYEzuFpGK442cvycYYSpCdc8nI4Rv+GoTR18ZGSHsij/miaeiIn9qoxGZfpEqVvLLlIyQPfWj/+PEQloGovtAi9MhHHdOAAAAXhSlRL0KhYu1HY+1ubcc9j8rfl3Mg9ieH3U/V11OpUFjEOGrgDlVVyMLf5UDU0mew+fEQg4L1GPAxjkxiON4LajT3cOonZNDHSAAAIAXSaX6KzOaKvKndmpMDRsp3tk16YStLAuPiVIRvkz+ZkdOZSP9z5xzzn8y4SzCl75nFb6uz5OISjW5EgqKscM+/yU9SyiolXMpSv9sz545AQAAAAzVkmK9MHdF+LugF8WVvooWd8TqbVKbwl8r4ToIOZR95PyTWPyiPZXOoiI5QUVRideCXiY1WioUrkVFuPW9vL9USvrXFwJU5kRygl+TqxFCY7b4bT7ViZ8R8X4OIHsPAMB3TN0+lWju2a/e/PTjBI9Z8Jh+rOTMtV8XUtYZ/T2VcnluKChGh4a/krOogF0aXVwLep2/nDiae42Xs29OJCem1FhXgr0TchNHc8+GyBgAAN81tZsfNyt+gxHCE75KDWT0lRH7sJKnBk8lFBRj251JFcfRglPH5FryiXrjzYxZEHBiYSrC3Yn69CxqwS7filCpgDn5yuDoKyNjV6xaX05xTiQn6JrLbRwvORklQrKV/PrQmmkAAIBzpmFHfSgoztXRqpVwL21v3iM7n6Mpp2IqvhBCCDmUffB0oVeo8iXFyKZ3vlQ6qYMQQtdc/rOppDh3ls2Ku65YBmySKaK655NOihLHcXFOQFQAAADqaNOmJVywiZX3Ws6LULiTN2+ctyZFr1bCHRP29SCBzEQFwl8AAAAZLUSllNnu0VvlmVnnKw7KV9PvSjJRiWMlIVEPAACgOcOGkgAAAMCpAqICAAAADAaICgAAADAYICoAAADAYICoAAAAAIMBogIAAAAMBogKAAAAMBggKgAAAMBggKgAAAAAgwGiAgAAAAwGiAoAAAAwGCAqAAAAwGCAqAAAAAyLioK/f7e9ZUFUAAA4S5Scubbj+Ye95qlEXVN2lLYk73CMbl95SYCoAABwfig5c22MkH0MUTnw1R4gKgAAAGfERop3tj31g4/k6URFRYFg+mXn+h21d3OpX/sn53fm8xGZflnOU1dHjy0MZuaFSwgTbxZE5izYJlc2QgiNWfA45CU8NyAqAACcFxvpC19uYsmfTlTUgjmW7c6k0m+PdYwYqHs+GSF76kfbyJ/aCDtssck8lc2K32DkuGKVvAp9NOH3SgfZ8A1fPUa//ipfVvIFRAUAWhAtuFmNYpvy7zYHe1ocTVSK1Jxi63sWsj0/UgFzkEX4svK/11xuY7VgDk5fO6vfQoscFmx8z0K5z18UICoAsJfHgI3xhK9UHEdzz7YctgBVeX6e0lOJ4zgOA/GJc84ZtROxSdWlcoxrLrc6zJW7W7aSXyPL8x8HyNycLCAqANCJyPfsl2oOzownDX/d88kIYeJ95Jz/7Zu4tYYRlceAjYsuy1pQZ8Lvz3fVAqICAF1QC+a89vyH5x4H8KSiogLmZOdSoXDxweEvc5ZQUMsVYSIipX+eISAqO1BR8Mljw96zvYh85n36LuL40YJ7H/znv9IHn73nQTXi/eB7V2e9ijz5Ge7CU4vKiLCvUayigNO0mjlL1Ctd5Yyp+MP3LFPTtStRn5xlLeglFWt9nlC4FhVhKbVzVq4xiEoTKlp8oNP58ytKHMdxrFb8+pqvnt0UHJXoK6N/OgF7F8dxHKt7fk35apP7RM6nNxP29URuiT6c+Ax35UlzKmHAXdtk7in76BFs4lq5kuKkiCP6ysgIGQ+mqaQ4O4sK2KXxZtaCXhcqjKO5Zx/VM96s+A22p36kykPlfqUsTWtktgVHrfjEuin9iKmobCW/7rpx9HmpjWbqkPcAwh7NPedt4oQ+BmyMcMUnDQXFF8kSY/94KzMcLtgkWcXsZbPi9LrvGlnJL1MySopZ6F31bjEefQ7C5e5rGXj19OB7JJ1MFTAHVed2LehFh5oZyUkhNKGixR3B2BSG7iMv5ErOXPuy3S8Vx/GSE6swgdrK2O+EPMCGasoX1Z6TnuHvGrVgl29FqFTAHIcF6YREXxkZt77rep15xSf40vMfUqeK8kVknCpse/lVtf6w1F/gwfcuTQ1LAohKLYkTmn5Qox8qFC6uKk3zeIsz3ElRkjH0DLauBb3A5P1cbkyJfc2wHwM2fk4nu3x1ddatm4qXTF43e5eMQccl1oJe5AV330QVRWVARYkPEJWTnuHvnM2Ku65YBmySBVfVPZ8cV1HMPaAlQS2Yg1EmaUtOUmdKb/y8tOmPHhmVZaJyz7QQlSiYealLNJ2ZMOhG+h+ojc0+Uu/nIFKxkv4dNR5i6ug1kPMZk8PqXab0B3NYTKZzqcrikWmG+Vz4M49ghG36wZeb5A9uxbefPTLKb3yNlZxPyxeiD0KIjRDKJlQtmPOqeK/nZj9O/6ZTaWl+hrsrShzH8ZITu88TuPU9KzNDKmBOzSbeTgcf3FOp1sBozc571o8BG6P8Om4vmcnrYe9ifZm9NhPkRGVYRYl7i8oLm+EXRyjcyZs3aXRErYQ7JkeOtTZ4q5q8qGwlv7HdmVSR79kVmUiqD5LffZ+omDTUO5Etcm/4ahOHgmLtHJmbyWHf/iFcjLQnpY3mjvYDa0EvdHbLPHVJRUSiJQ++d6kX1DtFBemxmRTZhK/MZeubO5cZ0wc0z3a4YBP9OJmdrRO+UuGvwe9mWkJBcXnwJVvcYJp3kM7wP1f8BpukXyci37P7PIGl0HMoKK5YpVBQnIhrukpoZHBRWQv6qqzQJdnurOKZyVMrPsEIk7tFx3TC1vesDs5oSiIqpg51whbDmc2eovLCZvjlUXAcy1swjxJDeAzYuCE6pRNIo0pNSq2oaMuWGcM9olKWslBQnZ6SnJRPuZX8GuFy0qaBJSdWKRKnJ7I4rdVK8JKoXOSrJjAas2Dte3YuvJOo6D+KPlpSP74pHCQ/kFp9vUgeuQffu+xo3/UMX3nMtREygtqNvqa8JCpFx0Wji1uSH7QmTjrMSBqPVzMkE+Q1KyAV+VO7q/WRnCDrynvv2hiZ5U5HeqaCl5xY6OqWuQ4qB6YPpp+ovLQZBg5nLehF9SlWAXPKcamUWlEpmeJ9orLNauM0S04sy/O3pvsNQsih7OMnX6qsbyhCNmX8s7/L309zPtimP3H9/WJFRDtRydUhmELy//c9O5cjfQzYGFneL7/UNLRONiGV7ummSGAuiRIKirs+QvqwCKERuX3XPVCQHKH42Nc36i4NvoWolM9U/t3rRjKgqDQZyixcuxb0VWfrLDkxj8e7234xKMlJY3xgB0tOLH3i21vSPc65d0jdReWlzTBwOJVykjzGwpesXL2olO6uvqKizyv9T/zfPTLKLcc20v/MP+okzD6zq6T/Kflbe+o/zI8sKrt6+OQ/a04vzT37FRW/h8LFnULP2WF11EsXWlS9yziJTVeEYffAdtNdVIpbvapfMaLy33PPKkpLSeRMdcDW96z0aOGCTbDtFvYoNBrKxCOsC0i2u3ATkzHxmVr3q1AAWj1CGwseFe+6JSeWiXqZCFjmwdetA3Yt1ct+c/2Q9NOeMiLTL4Uly9nMcGkm45olUwuy41fu9n4HPAu6/Xb6Lt1hxyQn5cDbEKLSGP4qHLKu4KrLawmMZf9FtBCVzGWrC39dc/lQE/4iXNaPvKOo6Gznm9tb56L7DrjSYXXSqBpt30p+3bB86OuplJ6rmoBDuZJt3wshdopK9klisDJR0YpSWc82224VMAffeLevd4bjGijVJvlTuzaVJTlputhDPJWs+mvu2biSb+jb7qVZVLKjmdXPet+34vhcZxg4nGL4KxQUF3tcSk5QyWYOEf5qStTn9peaZQimf52zcWIl9XK7+V7R3QvMY6bT5q74o95TMUUBOvE+f08wyifqzSop2csamss2DoEU72xztXkjro9zQcV6T+ueKqGgGGWWXXKCX5OrEULjP//nzOwFqa98q8xwNPdsbJIr2XESanSld9CpRUlxKCjO51Re74yEtBSV5J+PvmfZ3nwhXMcMo3y8Hc6TLudN76UlJ6+uyGuMsPPn2X+Zcr6GyoKyJX3wvcvEgU6P06DE2RH65lSyX1Bb21JypSgDuRtpj7vQRlSqitV+hvMjWfw2P9EZBg5HJ+rT+624zM2XZWX0SdTXLXjrS4pzey/Tct7cXxZqeWtQUaBLfhFCyXa8hpxKogFmAB+9q5yoONR7Yxdu+sj3bGS/8XS9ct6+54eXfF6/2SUUFDfd6MUqmrRgIXvdgrYgZor1NRG+rJPtxNa4M7lKCx92eCp9q79Kmx+TWu2i7cv/Im2rv/aIiloJ10k8Fcu2L1B9xC/Wdq1BLlUx2JiWeDwGbGyWO/nOwXqtoS+qan+NkL8T8n+zUpHmdfSh1V/ZJ9ra5pMrFVFpnJwiSRojh0X4In80JWeuXVMT32qGs5Gc8gwDA6BWfJJf+ivp89REjojHK3nxbiXFQA61YM6oVS40fVokJ5lWLzm5SL7ebntX9tTtEJW++1SORskviXflVBAmf5rxt3Z9fe1jwMY79/CnpHO75GSUqHt+0iobV/ccZ4fJO+ouiqqoHLL1eF9Opf0MZyM59xkG9lLWgx6UlQlEpYGWj00LUQkFdVpUD7cRldNrX1ovKtX1cJZT0buF6iak7dXtFZW1oKRFYV4bk3fU/d7Di8qeyGjLGd4vKucyw8cmDPxfzz1sl2vT0o9dbVqOQkMauSG6elKoBbv8t/17btKnpSH81Zb9oqJC8fbyxN4N1V1UzEuu6sqpHws9KhpJTVVDcKYtLUxeKOjlQYu4nTy5qLSc4WwkJzLDtZF5hNDu9nQ7j1hrl7odrVyl9myolXCdA8r78w0le5x8V0NJoIxafXLf7ttKkntasrzFvhY1O4/TICrRfOp+OrXWe+WHk/DlXlExi6O6/IG65663b6NDzlRlfXf2JoF2Hqfe5D3409uDeuju4elFpd0M50dyajPcv5lmgYa2gZ04DVFJ9gueVGt8EJUdnM77VL7eef/RtQHGWXIqb/sIF3c/3g3YW+V0OOsZPrqohIFgSUvDfD/vXKtDTKbzYJ5msLQ5r6tmqu8rOBxKzlz7tef/Pb938BQAUQEA4Ew4sqiogDlJhZ7pD+KwQGnfWleE6yq+pB2U9lQa9l3U9xUcDiX9v/pSFTeknwIgKgAAnAlDikqRGquc7umubbyYhb+adojX9hU8AiAqAAAA/XiCnEoUCM45/8j0RjfL87e1r2jKRKWpl1VdX8FjAKICAADQj1JXmNwG6rqWuo00hr9MA3/vI+dc+MJoycGiUn0/UyhopWiqbpBt6mZBVAAAAPqRFxW1YM5F0mcsXLBJ+x6vDaJims8m5jltjXVI+EufpbTvrfU2uFaAqAAAAPQjLypb37N6Zix2iYrp+KDfUmVyLblEfdpO8Dffs01N165EfXKWws5Ts+Wz5Iv0FQYQFQAAgH4Uwl9JS0CbMs656LAzrDGnEi24ecc5tulPHz2SvL42//Z0h/JFVHpFRXNJcXKWx4BdGwksb/lUkT+1+24/BFEBAAAYkI30P3P+EzVvE3/u4TSjAnZJRRg/Buwq15tARYs74nR/udkJA6ICAMDZowLmnHjzJ3XPr38QD9/y/Z/Uik9elqLEICoAAJwjKmBO9hIHFflT+9Rb6KtQ/DChN06Soldy5jrXdU27zxsQFQAAzpF8nqNbSfGzEQqadYkvva3gtPp3HQKICgAAADAYICoAAADAYICoAAAAAIMBogIAAAAMBogKAAAAMBggKgAAAMBggKgAAAAAgwGiAgAAAAwGiAoAAAAwGP8CLY8msxcz5c4AAAAASUVORK5CYII=" /></p> <p>(6) Diode loss:</p> <p>輸出整流器的損耗是為Id(t)&middot;V<sub>F</sub>(Id(t))的積分,為了簡化數學模型,可用固定的V<sub>F</sub>和R<sub>D</sub>代表。</p> <p class="picture">&nbsp;</p> <a href="~/media/Richtek/Design%20Support/Technical%20Documentation/AN035/TW/Version1/image049.jpg?file=preview.png" class="fancybox"> <p class="picture">&nbsp;</p> <p class="picture" style="text-align: center;"> <img id="圖片 199" style="width: 767px; height: 408px;" alt="Technical Document Image Preview" src="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an035/html-images-zh_tw/image049_zh-tw.jpg" /></p> </a> <p class="a6" style="text-align: center;">圖五、輸出整流器等效模型</p> <p>簡化後的數學模型,Id(t)&middot;(V<sub>F </sub>+ R<sub>D</sub>&middot;Id(t))的積分,可等效為:</p> <p class="math"> <img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /> </p> <p>由於I<sub>D</sub> vs V<sub>F</sub>,並非線性的曲線,而是指數曲線,所以等效R<sub>D</sub>並非定值,而會隨<img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" />工作點改變,事實上I<sub>D</sub>電流越大,或者轉換器在較深的C.C.M,等效R<sub>D</sub>變小,整流器的損耗可以直接用<br /> <img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" />近似。</p> <p>(7) Output CAP loss:</p> <p>輸出電容損耗則為:</p> <p class="math"> <img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /> </p> <p>(8) Transformer copper loss:</p> <p>變壓器損耗的估算則是更為複雜的數學模型,首先鐵心的選擇可用面積乘積法設計,詳細的變壓器設計請參考&rdquo;返馳變壓器設計指南&rdquo;。</p> <p>首先,變壓器鐵芯的選擇,必須要讓足夠線號的銅線繞得進去,同時鐵芯又不能飽和。這裡就牽涉到三個重要的參數,最大磁通密度(B<sub>max</sub>)、最大電流密度 (J<sub>max</sub>)以及最大繞線因數(k<sub>max</sub>)。</p> <p>(a) 最大磁通密度 (B<sub>max</sub>)<br /> 性鐵芯都會飽和,飽和磁通密度(Bsat)指在某個磁場強度(H)下,磁通密度不再隨H改變而變的磁通密度。以功率鐵氧體(ferrite)而言,在 25&deg;C下,飽和磁通密度達5,100高斯(Gauss),或是0.51特斯拉(Tesla);在100&deg;C下,飽和磁通密度約為3,900高斯。以一般峰值電流控制法的Flyback變壓器,最高的工作磁通密度可定在3,000高斯左右,避免高溫下鐵芯飽和。</p> <p>(b) 最大電流密度 (J<sub>max</sub>)<br /> 電流密度的定義為單位導線面積所通過的電流量。在設計上通常需要規範一個所謂安全電流密度,避免因電流密度高造成銅損太大而溫昇過高,影響可靠度與安全。一般依週溫與冷卻的條件而定,有些以J = 250 ~ 650 A/cm<sup>2</sup>為準則,有人習慣用 1/J = 350 ~ 750cmil/A。兩者大致上所代表的意義差不多。(1cm<sup>2</sup> = 197,350 cmil)。電流密度的高低影響銅損的大小,而銅損則為損失總合的一大部份。所以在可能的範圍下,應提高繞線因數,降低電流密度,這對改善耦合電感的溫昇有絕對的幫助。</p> <p>(c) 最大繞線因數 (kw,max)</p> <p>所有鐵芯都有一定的繞線窗(winding window),實際導線所佔面積與繞線窗面積(window area,W<sub>a</sub>) 之比稱為繞線因數。繞線因數受到幾個因素的影響,分別為漆包線的絕緣厚度、漆包線排列所餘空間、法拉第屏蔽及其他絕緣物(如繞線架(bobbin)與絕緣膠帶等)所佔空間以及繞線窗沒有利用的空間。線徑越粗,理論上繞線因數越高。鐵氧體的EI或EE型鐵芯更可達0.5,但若考慮安規絕緣與安規沿面距離,依 經驗繞線因數可能只有0.2左右。鐵芯越大,繞線因數也越大,具體的數值,須視鐵芯形狀與大小而定。</p> <p>以下估算變壓器損耗時,我們先假定鐵心已先選定,參數如下:</p> <ul> <li>鐵芯等效面積 A<sub>e</sub></li> <li>繞線窗面積 W<sub>a</sub></li> <li>繞線窗利用率 Winding_factor</li> <li>線圈繞一圈的平均長度 L<sub>mean</sub></li> <li>鐵芯最大磁通密度 B<sub>max</sub></li> </ul> <p>若要使變壓器銅損能降到最低,則一二次側的線圈最好使用同樣的電流密度,依此原則一二次側分配到的繞線窗比例,與線圈上的均方根電流和圈數乘積成正比。簡單的線圈線組估算如下:</p> <p class="math"> <img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /> </p> <p class="math"> <img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /> </p> <p>一次側線圈,繞線窗比例為K<sub>wa1</sub>,二次側線圈,繞線窗比例為K<sub>wa2</sub>,</p> <p class="math"> <img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /> </p> <p>變壓器銅損損耗的估算更為複雜原因在於,線圈的損耗是取決於R<sub>ac</sub>,並非R<sub>dc</sub>。而R<sub>ac</sub>受線徑粗細、疊構層和偶合係數的影響,產生的肌膚效應和鄰近效應(proximity effect),難以用簡單的數學模型估算。為簡化方程式,本文將R<sub>ac</sub>和R<sub>dc</sub>關係,用一個定系數代表(Factor_R<sub>ac</sub>)。</p> <p>則變壓器銅損的損耗為:</p> <p class="math"> <img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /> </p> <p>(9) Transformer core loss:</p> <p>以flyback轉換器設計,當K<sub>rf</sub>和B<sub>max</sub>選定時,就可以獲得磁通密度在一個切換週期內swing的範圍,參考鐵芯廠商所附的磁損公式,可推估出變壓器的鐵損。</p> <p class="math"> <img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAYMAAABjCAIAAAD2NftzAAAUjUlEQVR4nO2dTWvkSJqA41csxF51zVve6qSTLrmwdfHFhxjQxbA+LDS0QAdDLTR4mICEhoJmGgSmloZmilgKlobGTLDsUNCToEND0SS6eRKh2cbsGiEakyRB7CEkpT5CX5npVNr1PrdKbFWkFXoU70dISAIAAIwNGnsAAAAAYCIAAE4AMBEAAOMDJhoPsby5+hCK/N+biF0gg/qbEccEAOMAJhoLEXMXozMveBx7JAAwPmCikRB3zJ4ghC1vma2KYE0EfL6AicZBBN7MeffemSJz7ifKRWAi4PMFTDQKDz51vOBRBJ6Fpg6/l1KCiYDPGTDRGMTcvWChkFIsPQtjh8dS5ib664IaZR9tfGqgLZi8XUTrscYOAE8BmOj4PAbeRbYOWofsMstbt5po+8mDT2eZvADghfAUJooD9tbzH57gyANJfI9+CBLR/ZPHJFlQ+ybIBxVzB6u8dU8TVf8JAC+Ag5soXnpv5qegISmllCJkFyoOOhVEzK9m23qZlPKep3nrdS8TiZC7FqyJgBfGYU0kEn9undZFsg6Zc8HuTsVFYulZGGmYOvzvn32eSPVY6bC8YOApFCGz8YyWborriL8xkUHYSvfDhc/FHbNN+3SmzWdAm4lE8N1V8WREjFTmh+nc+FH59j7LMiBSysfAO0PY5XH5hMbcwdPCj7WzidgFQhcsyi/NeOnZGFku77fWiblj1MZwwtSDr1MJx7onwJ40TJgdEHfMnpp0kRQ/C5mNEaqZSES3ronLn4vEn5v4koUv0vinSIuJ7rkzLd2LIkaKZ0uE3LWK80YEnlWZRhrpiJi7eMBsq5hooIaklHLFiNlbfONz2iZqmwB7c8+d6SECTzXHyh5JPnlkglDZREnAPcc0nW8pwVVDHWowQC8aTZTdQArbESoTMY0a8h8QMXdxdRV9z50ptguZGrH0LMMqJUraKZpoBw1JKROfms9oSlViMUTY6jRNVJ0Ae7NN3u9HqTdC8eDTGTLnP/Fro/gVIkbMNzxab3xqVE0E23GOSpOJHgPvwnn/zsF4u8TV3BLPyPxjtjpPfGoiwqLygUTgWYXTWflnD3IT/RayS4wmxPuUdP9W7QincCU/dzomwL6U+zz3PE5RKyo9NKP+g844UqZKrX0eMYIOYUagBw0mSivN5bi9niZA2HRvs4m4YsSom0hF7Nnp3KEXRpnonHquiVBhb8TAIxwyiPhc6ZgAe9KUrh7qAnUck/rpDUuEzMYTlX4eZqKNTw30jFbTzxqtiUTMv1L1ptJtqro4V7FSfhNrMFExMRRzp1rO6ESZCCE0IddvCG6e+mkioD7P6jnvegiEqhkEKaWU2jLOi6fxVHRMgD15DLyzHWpkNcqnO1lQE+f5gWEmapzSwOHRTTux9GZX6QpCbRlX86OWJkhPYBr3NJ+2ZEHNVw7/VZdI6kRNLBWUqY7kib68GjFS0U3xCLAmGs7Gp0bxT9oxAfZDk9zZDTVh0gyA/o6DUGWigolGp24ikfhf29v1cCFvp5+I+eJZnyeSUqrbHf7i+tqa2uxONRPjc3KOEbK8ZfhxrooamNDboJYDqqxoHnw6Q9j2lrGUUkaM4NfkfFKYYnUZ6fJE/dZEQImWCRAxgkxCTIQQMueL4EfXxCitLcTB7ZyouAvb3jIWIbOtuZ8ImSyo+TpdIx8qXV2LzopAdHay1E10z52LUkY55mneWrs439ZKRcxd3HR/jLmDUbYwUYuUSxauVSnNdG8jIRJ/bmqS2bXYKllQE6cJo4iRfInUuCZ6ZrWz06VlAkSMqHWrWtqQm2XyGLJLbHnB/+Uh+WPgnSHCIrkO2b9a7nfs+nVeDxleymhEBJ7VkF2CjPXJUjWRCDxLu5rFLg/eVxKWmFBWaGwTgWfpXSClvOfOq+ykbiJ2ka6eIka282/FyFTNhsLMqGd5lLOw6d5GYcE+jSY6yX6iZMnou+HZ94MjEv8dZcte5chaxno7AbZ//BUjE3WiszYokQT/xdh7z7G2YZGK+rf1h8fAO2tIWw3Xk7hj9kR77xliIqjiH5XD7vao9Fg30W2ivoeKepjoBHusk0+e880JaEhxiA0xJRMVbicGXfziWZjQ94zxX4L8vKuF7VM1MR9CIs06A56CA++AFYE3szt3nBZM1BSdxdyxehTsu01U33E6Og8+Jae1RhN37MLZSwrNJvrpJ2qoqFwVNy0vEA8+fW3SvyzZpdE9W3ZCt9tj0O/Dbo8jc/C9+OuQfXXV0QNdMJGUImrPWLfSaaJkMXc/7DHXn6ArsrJG09eMhu6JqVV51GVvvuG99sqKmLvGPvf/ZhP5D9k2C0yurwnGX/7HLTVVXPaUG011O2D7/zLsgD02L/v5RJ9u6PfLUwmCFI+Bd1b2jlY6Qzc9lU00TENSSlWFPLEYFvicgGc2tnPwNVExc58RcweXmqSGF5IKJtpBQ1ItYA7VowgAgwETtXNoE218atRrN5X24h26jTMTqZpU3m81gBUjJ7HNFvg8ARO1c2gT1ZsDpZRpUiNbBKUt6YOWJytGDHR+7bkWQninTO2KEQNKRcBYgInaGfi+jY1Pjby7N156NjZdFhSu7gYTFRJDIuYuHrzRd8WIsc0KNz44Re0Uq+512B4BdjYAIwEmamfg+za2JlIaqiVrGk2kysYuj3/VJJK6WTFipEFZGqBpK9DFji3NEWBNBIwFmKidge/bePSpYdLFkruW/mnT+jyRlFKV8199Qa+sVCIrRl6dk9cYYcv7OVy8VVu3MJnfBnVdVGpnC2qqLRfp3pp0l1/b9jrIEwFjAiZqp5+J8vdtbHxqGKY5RU0PDJD33Jk2XPDpA3qyhcmKEUM9zkIEnpUGXA8+nemS2ZXYKtsQQxdJcZdfy5oIamfAqICJ2tkhT4Qw+eaWXZn6Ala+C1RHzB1c3/uyidjF1j7bHsLEpyba9hNWsjwPPp0hZLn8b+G2j7TZRNBPBIwKmKgXfZ9yv80TpQ9O1iSe++6D6zRRz0MVO9qbTLR3jzUA7AeYqBfDTaSSNYbuCZOPgWf32EmwtUZDdCZifmV1F+z7mKj2KBgAOC5gol70fd9GqYpfeoJyCXHHXNrVA120xjrqyFi3jb3LRCLxv3FhjxUwKmCikTid5xMtv6c3Q1+XAgAHBkwEAMD4gIkAABgfMBEAAOMDJgIAYHzARAAAjA+YCACA8QETAQAwPmAiAADGB0wEAMD4gIkAABgfMBEAAOMDJgIAYHzARAAAjA+YCACA8QETAQAwPmAiAADGB0wEjItIgh/n1NO8kQnIST7d0LfMrz2I+AUBJgJGJA7YV44HT4zswzri9AX/rcBEwFisI/4V6X4jAJCzDpljv1AZgYmAcRAhu7hg4QuON54Cccfsc+o/jD2OwwMmAkbhnjuk9xW1jvgbc9dXZYvgu6vim0siRlAZ07kppGBEyGzr3zz6z6j+KsqYO7j/m3I3EbtA+cvppJQyXno2Tl8Y1TbkxJ9btl7TIvAszUuAnz1gImAEhlxO64i/MRFCO5ronjvT0vu7I0aQsX3Vkgi5a22lI+6YbdrsTmikI2Lu4gFvyq2YqKeGZGkY+m/0Al9OByYCjs9j4J1b3rLHBRlyd2bSjwG72M1EImQ2RgidbS/dionSl9mpHxAxd3H65t577kxxcWEilp5l9Bp2duCCiYZoSMpW64mYX80GDON5ACYCjs89d87y91O2ISL/P/1IbKIdTfQYeBfO+3cOxmaeGtesic7I/GMk1MCm+f8jAs8qKKzyzx7kJvotZJcYTcigZHNLJBgx8uICNDARcHQ2PjWK2ZPuX9jRRMmC2jeBeAy8s238Vc8TIZy+NLxy8Ys7Zk+zRdCDT2fY4UNev6tMdE4910QIpUut/txzZ6r/Hzc+nfQPEp8HYCLg6MTcmQzSym4mEjH/6oLdiXQ5kymmGp2puGnq8HsReBYyC4u1QogUcwfPBhatlIkQQhNy/YbgzHe1cSbLG4JRObctpUx8aiL92mfFCHlhqSIwEXB0BgcXO5lILL3ZVSEPPUmv6lqeSCWKDOo/+tSo6CBZUPOVw3+NuYsHB0TKRCooW6sATZeE3kTsAhEWaT/Xf+sVI7Ne4e3zAUwEHJ2IEc2F18IOJhKJ/7W9TeuKmLtYZXn0JsKWt9xU10RSysfAO8NfXF9b01QiESP4NTmfIHT2xz/fzskEIYQwobdBTQyV2tmDT2cI294ylqXjZFT/Ju1rIjARAOzJMUxUK3XHPM1ba6MzfMnCtT5JHHMHo3KaaWKzOyGWnmWY7m0kROLPTU0yu9ZPlCyoidOEUX6cxjVRc55obBOJkNnVWFU1W2z/sCJa3DhWZlnLuVmoyFSEzDYuWVjdZlgxUb0X6+nIo+gaw6bpITlcV9uKEaP0RZJPHpkg8w3v2OrZ1tXWReJTs5qLdd75p7a59OlNJALP0k4t7PLgfSVjjQnNNpdqL/577rzaFu8jRtQFEjGytc+Kkam6CFWoR9hKdzUpZ2HTvY3C7DhNJmqbb+0mKmfoex1wCOKO2VOzvE0n65bITJQsqIkxebuI1pmk8vLlg09nuDbDRzRRgfqCeRQO2dVWNlFfDZWHMfgLJD416/qrn/WR+flLw/jy57FHoaPHWe4ykZT33Jl1X/BRu4naR/LXL41/+Kd//5/Ggx9gAjehjlNe1KjpjXITqVi4GOfec2e6laPOib1NlAS3lOD0HjK/DWIppRSRf+OY+Z1FhcraD9vZzUSF/yizr0iCH2n6R5kQ+mOQiPT6NM+JiRHClrcUIlrMa9/lwF1tBRMN0lA+kl0mTc1EY91a2hm8JjoinbeB3CBN0VnMHatHwb7dRB3D6IzO9p/ADYilZ+HysvHBpzNkzn/i10bjVaxW6/k8rDW+9zWRKj2oayntjr9k4WPMXYxUuKhKoWde8Jvuw65y4y4mUsWIGfUf0vDb8pYrZme1UhHduibGNguF+itMbHYnkrsg+tWns8wLhRzBgbvaMhOpP12ep+zJjgvpBhMd4E54UE7ZRKqm3qKSrUGkiD62ZqxbaTNRZ4TenSfaewK3HLZ4qarIa0b9h0JYWkMFa9tvpDxTGk8vE5XaMWSa/LO8TyG7QJV1Wjr1NRmpNnYwkVh6Fi6fv0p4nJdL7n1qNq4Ms7pJNSLbt6ttxYiBzq8910IIm4OffdGSrWyhaqKCjocd6Gk5aRM9C3pkrPedwPqDVsIuETIbp60JzSYqFw2llOkPl+61vUxU2JijWDFiGNRfR7euiRFCyHQ89oPKjArdhx3sYKKsB6TY+1GtekaMIJP6f/epmf/oxqdGLY9pUH994K62FSOGulteX5MhG44avot23NU/Wj1jnYeopwSYaF/61M72nMBayn4or3QaTNSw4a52ye9loo2UUq4j/wf2XuWQ8m+r/bCZY5vIrJ/FzYG72laMGOl9IA3QtOtEdZ7q5cLduorr0dkTUAhPdj+CbpDaYlcn9cPvdpxTpvYVKyZqOO97TWAtpahKf3NEhcmcJmR1t+HdTNQQnZWzXxo1NHxY5wjRWT4I7eDT79jV1TaASu1MFTVvltXlSbHmUmSPNdGzNRHQm579RPtMYC31otiWypooTaI1ZEh3jM4aMtZx4J1l/5PaOzN1+Er3YZ+K5rYFA5+Tc4wauktzChnr7BEzt7/8qTFjvdVhMWpdR4u36Qi7u9pKY1uG7dnKSj9R1khCF0nxOHqhyEPlibKPl0z1mJlveLSu5VlXjLw6J68xwpb3c7h4m5YVTZcFuv8/NdFvUfaTaf1RnQWE8v0N6XOFEKoqGEy0L707GyttmemEbz2/rYjAs5DmRi7LJkrbixrzxX0z1hUuWLTRV/ELH27bKLUftlM2Ud+Ed7FdIP2zNlfxiwuz4gi3HunsaiuMraGCWzgZtc5GZUBkufxvhUx/w5roYLUzmS4Vzbmf/MqdKf7i99fVkQeMGCraFyGzjdTRIbvUL+kjRtDFn/78jZWuuh98OkOW98uCGtjlsUjLNL/8hRpTh99r6seHN1GlSPzi6d9jXWrL7HV+2xF3zJ5o75GFyV/PV6ZXaTbm7ir+6DR1vh+Bzi6ewtj26morfketiQ7VhCazIW27E3Qj/+9sDGrtXbsJVYgYQb/7wx9+t51Jyk2L722MECb0PfvgR0Kto9GE0O/Yh/L7cZ5iTRRzxzixZoUnZLfdHv3Ob6+D7NUQIEJmd3U2js6IJupsJ+thol5dbV0m2r3HWstAE3XeJxtMxKKNFJH/gTHPMdMdVevI/4Gxb51KJ8Hhe6xFzK+sz+g1IV091nr6nd/uw2h2ewyh126Pp6BpqabdX1Yx0aDf3Z/2rrbC2Lp3P7bQbqJ99p1pyaOz//XpDJnnxKxHZ9NCeK9irnjp2UOisz8ubrNNAKqT5fr3X6SdJrVAoNFEp7gVUUMxLYAshy2PbsDdTNTv/PY9zo5tAT13wI7OqGuiDkpj26O/tjM6OzR5xhrb3jLWZazzMfTIaDZmrPM9NNh0WJA8Nh6qz5roRLYialiH7BLnFQ/+xtQ/dehJ2dFE+2esn45TMxHwGfC8TbRixCikbOuliSOws4lOFzAR0IyuiWnX144V+PlL4x//5WN3Nuo0TVRGsyP0CICJAGB/+jzH+nmYSOXaDrKRYhDwHGsA2J8+r6Z4DiZS+z+HvTvoIMC7PQDgEPR4i2nJRHFwmz1Q6mT29Iro1jWNPYrZewDvOwOAQ9DjHbAFE4nAs/LtS8knj0wP8MSvvVBmnGTvazwyIubusLc0PQfARMAIiMCz2u/qBRNt/HQfydGG18p6lxe6HpJ77pCjZ6aeHDARMApdl1MxOks7lbDpfMvYBz5uF4zaU3r4gmJfRMjs2UsLzSSYCBiLwVdUdSvJZ4m4Y/b5y1sQSTARMB7riH9FBmd8HwPv7FS78J+adcgce7So8GkBEwEjso44dTourcfAO8ve3SIP90jmZ0efv9UzBkwEjItIgg+Uftf2vPPSjtNTqeIflSS4ndOvezzp6/kCJgIAYHzARAAAjA+YCACA8QETAQAwPv8PAfaEltt1T3UAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" /> </p> <p>(Note:V<sub>e</sub>為鐵芯的等效體積)</p> <p>以PC40的材質為例,廠商提供的鐵損公式為:</p> <p class="math"> <img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /> </p> <br /> <br /> <h2 id="__Bookmark__3">3. K<sub>rf</sub>和V<sub>ro</sub>的選擇,以提昇效率</h2> <p>以上flyback轉換器,在converter部分的功率元件損耗,可以(1)~(9)各別相加,取得最小值,則為可能的效率最佳設計。</p> <p>下圖以一個45W(30V/1.5A),V<sub>in_dc</sub> = 100V離線flyback轉換器為例,代入上述的公式,以K<sub>rf</sub>和V<sub>ro</sub>為變數畫出曲線。</p> <p class="picture">&nbsp;</p> <a href="~/media/Richtek/Design%20Support/Technical%20Documentation/AN035/TW/Version1/image065.gif?file=preview.png" class="fancybox"> <p class="picture">&nbsp;</p> <p class="picture" style="text-align: center;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <img id="圖片 250" style="width: 629px; height: 333px;" alt="Technical Document Image Preview" src="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an035/html-images-zh_tw/image065_zh-tw.gif" /></p> </a> <p class="a6" style="text-align: center;">圖六、變壓器損耗與K<sub>rf</sub>曲線</p> <p>上圖所示,如果只討論K<sub>rf</sub>和V<sub>ro</sub>對變壓器損耗的影響,則K<sub>rf</sub>的設定會像是在鐵損和銅損上取得平衡點。較小的V<sub>ro</sub>則是減少了二次側線圈圈數,進而減少了線圈上的銅損。</p> <p class="picture">&nbsp;</p> <a href="~/media/Richtek/Design%20Support/Technical%20Documentation/AN035/TW/Version1/image066.gif?file=preview.png" class="fancybox"> <p class="picture">&nbsp;</p> <p class="picture" style="text-align: left;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <img id="圖片 269" style="width: 531px; height: 365px;" alt="Technical Document Image Preview" src="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an035/html-images-zh_tw/image066_zh-tw.gif" /></p> </a> <p class="a6" style="text-align: center;">&nbsp;圖七、轉換器整體損耗與曲線</p> <p>如上圖,很有趣的結果是,K<sub>rf</sub>界於0.4~0.6之間,可以得到較低的損耗,V<sub>ro</sub> = 70V並不能得到較佳的效率,反到是V<sub>ro</sub> = 100V時最低,這個結果說明了V<sub>ro</sub>對應一二次側電流所使用的佔空比大小,由於是C.C.M操作模式,一二次側佔空比加起來永遠為一,所以配合了一二次側半導體元件和電容的損耗,一定是一部份少了,另外一半側就會增加,但是還是可以找出一個最佳點。</p> <p>上圖的曲線是先選定了切換開關晶體,和整流器所得到的結果,事實上V<sub>ro</sub>如果再往上(&gt;130V 或更高)代表切換開關晶體需選更高的額定電壓,以物理特性而言,R<sub>ds_on</sub>必定要增加,上面的曲線則不會合用,同理,如果V<sub>ro</sub>在往下降,則輸出整流器也得換更高的電壓,等效的V<sub>F</sub>和R<sub>D</sub>都會增加,對損耗的減少不會有助益。</p> <p>下面以同樣的方式,代入一個5V/1A PSR的charger,flyback 轉換器操作在D.C.M,作為範例,</p> <p class="picture">&nbsp;</p> <a href="~/media/Richtek/Design%20Support/Technical%20Documentation/AN035/TW/Version1/image067.jpg?file=preview.png" class="fancybox"> <p class="picture">&nbsp;</p> </a> <p class="picture" style="text-align: left;"> <a href="~/media/Richtek/Design%20Support/Technical%20Documentation/AN035/TW/Version1/image067.jpg?file=preview.png" class="fancybox">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </a> <a href="~/media/Richtek/Design%20Support/Technical%20Documentation/AN035/TW/Version1/image067.jpg?file=preview.png" class="fancybox"> <img id="圖片 192" style="width: 737px; height: 461px;" alt="Technical Document Image Preview" src="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an035/html-images-zh_tw/image067_zh-tw.jpg" /></a>&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; </p> <p class="a6" style="text-align: center;">圖八、轉換器整體損耗與 曲線(5V/1A)</p> <p>在低壓大電流的應用,主要的損耗來自於二次側的整流二極體和輸出電容。所以降低V<sub>ro</sub>可以提高二次側電流的佔空比,進而降低輸出的均方根電流,減少損耗。在這類的系統應用,反倒是V<sub>ro </sub>~70~80V之間可以得到較佳的效率,(但再往下降低,有可能會影響整流二極體的derating)。同時儘量的提高感量,也可以增加佔空比應用率,也降低電流均方根值。</p> <p>另外提出一點,在變壓器的繞制上常常是不能以相同的電流密度去設計一二次側的線徑的,原因是受限於較佳的偶合系數、降低漏感,線圈往往是要以整層繞滿為基本原則,線徑的選擇不是線性,所以通常的結果,都是選擇在最佳化的左右圈比,然後以降低漏感為先決條件去繞制變壓器。</p> <br /> <br /> <h2 id="__Bookmark__4">4. 元件損耗的量測方式</h2> <p>(1) 電容:</p> <p>電容的ESR是可以直接用impedance analysis分析的。下圖為WAYNE 6500B的量測結果。</p> <p class="picture">&nbsp;</p> <a href="~/media/Richtek/Design%20Support/Technical%20Documentation/AN035/TW/Version1/image068.jpg?file=preview.png" class="fancybox"> <p class="picture">&nbsp;</p> <p class="picture" style="text-align: center;"> <img id="圖片 128" style="width: 644px; height: 486px;" alt="Technical Document Image Preview" src="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an035/html-images-zh_tw/image068_zh-tw.jpg" /></p> </a> <p class="a6" style="text-align: center;">圖九、Impedance of 4.7&micro;F/400V bulk CAP</p> <p>此樣品電容可等效為 (Cbulk+ESR) // Rleak的模型。其ESR = 2.23Ω.</p> <p>量測流入電容的交流電流,則可以直接用current probe量測,或得均方根值,如圖十。</p> <p class="picture">&nbsp;</p> <a href="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an035/html-images-zh_tw/an035-figure10-zh-tw.jpg?file=preview.png" class="fancybox"> <p class="picture" style="text-align: center;"> <img alt="" src="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an035/html-images-zh_tw/an035-figure10-zh-tw.jpg" /></p> </a> <p class="picture">&nbsp;</p> <p class="a6" style="text-align: center;">圖十、各個元件的量測方式</p> <p>輸入輸出電容的損耗,直接由量測到的ESR和交流電流均方根值,直接相乘即可。其中並聯的漏電流阻抗損耗,通常可以忽略不計。</p> <p>(2) Diode損耗:</p> <p>其損耗可以用圖十的clamping電路量測,由於現在數位示波器功能強大,可以直接相乘面積獲得損耗。1N4148 clamping的目的是為了讓probe上的寄生電容不會過充,有較快的反應時間,和展示較小的電壓範圍。</p> <p class="picture">&nbsp;</p> <a href="~/media/Richtek/Design%20Support/Technical%20Documentation/AN035/TW/Version1/image070.jpg?file=preview.png" class="fancybox"> <p class="picture">&nbsp;</p> <p class="picture" style="text-align: center;"> <img id="圖片 203" style="width: 500px; height: 245px;" alt="Technical Document Image Preview" src="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an035/html-images-zh_tw/image070_zh-tw.jpg" /></p> </a> <p class="a6" style="text-align: center;">圖十一、Ch3: clamping VD, Ch4: ID, F1=Ch3/Ch4為等效阻抗,F1=Ch3*Ch4則為單一周期損號</p> <p>(3) BJT or MOSFET R<sub>ds_on</sub>和損耗:</p> <p>BJT或者MOSFET R<sub>ds_on</sub>量測,則可如圖十,用一個高壓MOSFET,箝制住高電位後量測。所量測到的R<sub>ds_on</sub>乘上電流的均方根值則為晶體元件的導通損耗。</p> <p class="picture">&nbsp;</p> <a href="~/media/Richtek/Design%20Support/Technical%20Documentation/AN035/TW/Version1/image071.jpg?file=preview.png" class="fancybox"> <p class="picture">&nbsp;</p> <p class="picture" style="text-align: center;"> <img id="圖片 209" style="width: 500px; height: 235px;" alt="Technical Document Image Preview" src="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an035/html-images-zh_tw/image071_zh-tw.jpg" /></p> </a> <p class="a6" style="text-align: center;">圖十二、Ch3: clamping Vds, Ch4: Ids, Ch3*Ch4為切換損耗</p> <p>(4) Snubber circuit損耗量測:</p> <p>如下圖,R1的損耗為V<sub>ro,rms</sub><sup>2</sup>/R1請注意電壓探棒的RTN應接到Vbulk穩定的電壓端。</p> <p>R2的損耗則為I<sub>rms</sub><sup>2</sup>&middot;R2,使用電流探棒量測R2電流,計算R2的損耗。若直接用電壓探棒量測R2上電壓,則電壓探棒上的寄生電容,也會造成R2多餘的損耗,使得量測失真。同理,二次側的R,C snubber 電路也可如此量測。</p> <p class="picture">&nbsp;</p> <a href="~/media/Richtek/Design%20Support/Technical%20Documentation/AN035/TW/Version1/image072?file=preview.png" class="fancybox"> <p class="picture" style="text-align: center;"> <img alt="" src="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an035/html-images-zh_tw/image072_zh-tw.png" /></p> </a> <p class="picture">&nbsp;</p> <p class="a6" style="text-align: center;">圖十三、snubber circuit損耗量測</p> <h2 id="__Bookmark__5">參考文獻</h2> <p>[1] 定頻返馳式轉換企設計指南 (王信雄)</p> <p>[2] 返馳轉換器工作原理 (王信雄)</p> <p>[3] Optimization Design of Switching Power Supply</p> <p ><br /> </p> <table class="3-51" style="border: currentColor; width: 637.5pt; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr style="height: 17pt;"> <td style="border-width: 1pt 1px 1px 1pt; border-style: solid; border-color: #009eb8; height: 17pt; padding-right: 5pt; padding-left: 5pt; background-image: url(e); background-attachment: scroll; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; background-origin: padding-box; background-clip: border-box; background-color: #009eb8;" colspan="2"> <span style="color: #ffffff;">相關資源</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: 1pt 1px 1px 1pt; border-style: solid; border-color: #009eb8; height: 17pt; padding-right: 5pt; padding-left: 5pt; background-image: url(e); background-attachment: scroll; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; background-origin: padding-box; background-clip: border-box; background-color: #ffffff;"> 立錡科技電子報 </td> <td style="border-width: 1pt 1px 1px 1pt; border-style: solid; border-color: #009eb8; height: 17pt; padding-right: 5pt; 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