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<div class=WordSection1> <h1>電感之種類與其特性分析</h1> <br><br> <h2 id="__Bookmark__0">摘要</h2> <p class=MsoNormal>電感器是開關轉換器中非常重要的元器件,如用於儲能及功率濾波器。電感器的種類繁多,例如用於不同的應用(從低頻到高頻),或因鐵芯材料不同而影響電感器的特性等等。用於開關轉換器的電感器屬於高頻的磁性元件,然而因材料、工作條件(如電壓與電流)、環境溫度等種種因素,所呈現的特性和理論上差異很大。因此在電路設計時,除了電感值這個基本參數外,仍須考慮電感器的阻抗與交流電阻和頻率的關係、鐵芯損失及飽和電流特性等等。本文將介紹幾種重要的電感鐵芯材料及其特性,也引導電源工程師選擇市售標準的電感器。</p> <br><br> <h2 id="__Bookmark__2">前言</h2> <p class=MsoNoSpacing>電感器(inductor)是一種電磁感應元件,用絕緣的導線在繞線支架(bobbin)或鐵芯(core)上繞製一定匝數的線圈(coil)而成,此線圈稱為電感線圈或電感器。根據電磁感應原理,當線圈與磁場有相對運動,或是線圈通過交流電流產生交變磁場時,會產生感應電壓來抵抗原磁場變化,而此抑制電流變化的特性就稱為電感(inductance)。</p> <p class=MsoNoSpacing>電感值的公式如式(1),其與磁導率、繞組匝數N的平方、及等效磁路截面積A<sub>e</sub>成正比,而與等效磁路長度l<sub>e</sub>成反比。電感的種類很多,各適用於不同的應用之中;電感量與線圈繞組的形狀、大小、繞線方式、匝數、及中間導磁材料的種類等有關。</p> <p class=MsoNormal><a class="fancybox" href="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an053/html-images-zh_tw/image001_zh-tw.jpg" ><img width=87 height=55 id="圖片 3" src="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an053/html-images-zh_tw/image001_zh-tw.jpg" alt="Technical Document Image Preview"></a> (1)</p> <p class=MsoNoSpacing>電感依鐵芯形狀不同有環型(toroidal)、E型(E core)及工字鼓型(drum);依鐵芯材質而言,主要有陶瓷芯(ceramic core)及兩大軟磁類,分別是鐵氧體(ferrite)及粉末鐵芯(metallic powder)等。依結構或封裝方式不同有繞線式(wire wound)、多層式(multi-layer)及沖壓式(molded),而繞線式又有非遮蔽式(non-shielded)、加磁膠之半遮蔽式(semi-shielded)及遮蔽式(shielded)等。</p> <p class=MsoNoSpacing>電感器在直流電流如同短路,對交流電流則呈現高阻抗,在電路中的基本用途有扼流、濾波、調諧、儲能等。在開關轉換器的應用中,電感器是最重要的儲能元件,且與輸出電容形成低通濾波器,將輸出電壓漣波變小,因此也在濾波功能上扮演重要角色。</p> <p class=MsoNoSpacing>本文將介紹電感器的各種鐵芯材料及其特性,也將介紹一些電感器之電氣特性等,以作為電路設計時,挑選電感器的重要評價參考。在應用實例中,將透過實際範例介紹如何計算電感值,及如何挑選市售標準的電感器。</p> <br><br> <h2 id="__Bookmark__3">鐵芯材料之種類</h2> <p class=MsoNoSpacing>用於開關轉換器的電感器屬於高頻磁性元件,中心的鐵芯材料最是影響電感器之特性,如阻抗與頻率、電感值與頻率、或鐵芯飽和特性等。以下將介紹幾種常見的鐵芯材料及其飽和特性之比較,以作為選擇功率電感的重要參考:</p> <h3>1. 陶瓷芯</h3> <p class=MsoNoSpacing>陶瓷芯是常見的電感材料之一,主要是用來提供線圈繞製時所使用的支撐結構,又被稱為「空芯電感」(air core inductor)。因所使用的鐵芯為非導磁材料,具有非常低的溫度係數,在操作溫度範圍中電感值非常穩定。然而由於以非導磁材料為介質,電感量非常低,並不是很適合電源轉換器的應用。</p> <h3>2. 鐵氧體</h3> <p class=MsoNoSpacing>一般高頻電感所用的鐵氧體鐵芯是含有鎳鋅(NiZn)或錳鋅(MnZn)之鐵氧體化合物,屬於矯頑磁力(coercivity)低的軟磁類鐵磁材料。圖1為一般磁鐵芯之磁滯曲線(B-H loop),磁性材料的矯頑磁力H<sub>C</sub>亦稱為保磁力,係指當磁性材料已磁化到磁飽和後,使其磁化強度(magnetization)減為零時所需的磁場強度。矯頑力較低代表抵抗退磁能力較低,也意味著磁滯損失較小。</p> <p class=MsoNoSpacing>錳鋅及鎳鋅鐵氧體具有較高的相對磁導率(relative permeability;μ<sub>r</sub>),分別為約1500~15000及100~1000,其高導磁特性使得鐵芯在一定體積下可有較高的電感量。然而,缺點是其可耐受的飽和電流較低,且鐵芯一旦飽和,磁導率會急遽下降,可參考圖4所示鐵氧體與粉末鐵芯在鐵芯飽和時磁導率下降趨勢的比較。當用於功率電感時,會在主磁路留氣隙(air gap),可降低磁導率、避免飽和及儲存較多能量;含有氣隙時的等效相對磁導率約可在20-200之間。由於材料本身的高電阻率可降低渦電流(eddy current)造成的損耗,因此在高頻時損失較低,較適用於高頻變壓器、EMI濾波電感及電源轉換器的儲能電感。以操作頻率而言鎳鋅鐵氧體適合用在(>1 MHz),而錳鋅鐵氧體適用於較低的頻段(<2 MHz)。</p> <p class=MsoNormal><a class="fancybox" href="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an053/html-images-zh_tw/image002_zh-tw.png" ><img width=298 height=273 id="圖片 23" src="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an053/html-images-zh_tw/image002_zh-tw.png" alt="Technical Document Image Preview"></a></p> <p class=MsoCaption>圖1、磁鐵芯之磁滯曲線(B<sub>R</sub>:剩磁;B<sub>SAT</sub>:飽和磁通密度)</p> <h3>3. 粉末鐵芯</h3> <p class=MsoNoSpacing>粉末鐵芯亦屬於軟磁類鐵磁材料,是由不同材料的鐵粉合金或只有鐵粉所製成,配方中有顆粒大小不同的非導磁材料,因此飽和曲線較為緩和。粉末鐵芯多以環型(toroidal)呈現居多,如圖2所示為粉末鐵芯及其截面圖。</p> <p class=MsoNormal><a class="fancybox" href="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an053/html-images-zh_tw/image003_zh-tw.png" ><img width=395 height=230 src="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an053/html-images-zh_tw/image003_zh-tw.png" alt="Technical Document Image Preview"></a></p> <p class=MsoCaption>圖2、粉末鐵芯之截面圖</p> <p class=MsoNoSpacing>常見的粉末鐵芯有鐵鎳鉬合金(MPP)、鐵矽鋁合金(Sendust)、鐵鎳合金(high flux)及鐵粉芯(iron powder)等。因所含成分不同,其特性及價格也有所不同,因而影響電感器的選擇。以下將分別介紹前述之鐵芯種類並比較其特性:</p> <h3>A. 鐵鎳鉬合金(MPP)</h3> <p class=MsoNoSpacing>鐵鎳鉬合金簡稱MPP,是molypermalloy powder的縮寫,相對磁導率約14~500,飽和磁通密度約7500高斯(Gauss),比鐵氧體的飽和磁通密度(約4000~5000高斯)高出許多。MPP具有最小的鐵損,在粉末鐵芯中,溫度穩定性最好。當外加直流電流達飽和電流I<sub>SAT</sub>時,電感值緩慢降低,不會急劇衰減。MPP的性能較佳,但成本較高,通常作為電源轉換器之功率電感及EMI濾波之用。</p> <h3>B. 鐵矽鋁合金 (Sendust)</h3> <p class=MsoNoSpacing>鐵矽鋁合金鐵芯是由鐵、矽、及鋁組成之合金鐵芯,相對磁導率約26~125。鐵損介於鐵粉芯與MPP及鐵鎳合金之間。飽和磁通密度比MPP高,約10500高斯。溫度穩定性及飽和電流特性比MPP及鐵鎳合金稍微遜色,但較鐵粉芯及鐵氧體鐵芯為佳,相對成本較MPP及鐵鎳合金便宜。多應用於EMI濾波、功因修正(PFC)電路及開關電源轉換器之功率電感。</p> <h3>C. 鐵鎳合金(high flux)</h3> <p class=MsoNoSpacing>鐵鎳合金鐵芯是由鐵及鎳組合而成,相對磁導率約14~200,鐵損及溫度穩定性均介於MPP及鐵矽鋁合金之間。鐵鎳合金鐵芯的飽和磁通密度最高,約15000高斯,且可耐受直流偏置電流較高,其直流偏置特性也較好。應用範圍有功因修正、儲能電感、濾波電感、返馳式轉換器之高頻變壓器等。</p> <h3>D. 鐵粉芯(iron powder)</h3> <p class=MsoNoSpacing>鐵粉芯是由顆粒非常小、彼此間絕緣的高純度鐵粉顆粒製成,製作過程使其具有分佈式的氣隙。常見的鐵粉芯之形狀除了環型外,尚有E型及沖壓式。鐵粉芯之相對磁導率約10~75,約15000高斯之高飽和磁通密度。在粉末鐵芯中,鐵粉芯的鐵損最高,但成本最低。</p> <table class="MsoTableGrid non-hover" border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width="100%" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr style='height:17.0pt'> <td width="26%" style='width:26.04%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center;'> </td> <td width="18%" style='border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; width:18.5%; padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoListParagraph>鐵鎳鉬</p> </td> <td width="18%" style='border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; width:18.5%; padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoListParagraph>鐵鎳合金</p> </td> <td width="18%" style='border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; width:18.5%; padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoListParagraph>鐵矽鋁合金</p> </td> <td width="18%" style='border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; width:18.5%; padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoListParagraph>鐵粉芯</p> </td> </tr> <tr style='height:17.0pt'> <td width="26%" style='border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; width:26.04%; padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoListParagraph>鐵損</p> </td> <td width="18%" style='width:18.5%;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoListParagraph>最低</p> </td> <td width="18%" style='width:18.5%;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoListParagraph>適中</p> </td> <td width="18%" style='width:18.5%;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoListParagraph>低</p> </td> <td width="18%" style='width:18.5%;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoListParagraph>高</p> </td> </tr> <tr style='height:17.0pt'> <td width="26%" style='border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; width:26.04%; padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoListParagraph>直流偏置特性</p> </td> <td width="18%" style='width:18.5%;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoListParagraph>較好</p> </td> <td width="18%" style='width:18.5%;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoListParagraph>最好</p> </td> <td width="18%" style='width:18.5%;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoListParagraph>良好</p> </td> <td width="18%" style='width:18.5%;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoListParagraph>普通</p> </td> </tr> <tr style='height:17.0pt'> <td width="26%" style='border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; width:26.04%; padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoListParagraph>飽和磁通密度(Gauss)</p> </td> <td width="18%" style='width:18.5%;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoListParagraph>7,500</p> </td> <td width="18%" style='width:18.5%;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoListParagraph>15,000</p> </td> <td width="18%" style='width:18.5%;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoListParagraph>10,500</p> </td> <td width="18%" style='width:18.5%;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoListParagraph>15,000</p> </td> </tr> <tr style='height:17.0pt'> <td width="26%" style='border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; width:26.04%; padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoListParagraph>相對磁導率</p> </td> <td width="18%" style='width:18.5%;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoListParagraph>14-550</p> </td> <td width="18%" style='width:18.5%;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoListParagraph>14-200</p> </td> <td width="18%" style='width:18.5%;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoListParagraph>26-125</p> </td> <td width="18%" style='width:18.5%;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoListParagraph>10-75</p> </td> </tr> <tr style='height:17.0pt'> <td width="26%" style='border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; width:26.04%; padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoListParagraph>相對成本</p> </td> <td width="18%" style='width:18.5%;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoListParagraph>高</p> </td> <td width="18%" style='width:18.5%;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoListParagraph>中等</p> </td> <td width="18%" style='width:18.5%;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoListParagraph>低</p> </td> <td width="18%" style='width:18.5%;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoListParagraph>最低</p> </td> </tr> <tr style='height:17.0pt'> <td width="26%" style='border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; width:26.04%; padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoListParagraph>溫度穩定性</p> </td> <td width="18%" style='width:18.5%;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoListParagraph>最好</p> </td> <td width="18%" style='width:18.5%;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoListParagraph>較好</p> </td> <td width="18%" style='width:18.5%;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoListParagraph>良好</p> </td> <td width="18%" style='width:18.5%;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoListParagraph>差</p> </td> </tr> <tr style='height:30.55pt'> <td width="26%" style='border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; width:26.04%; padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height:30.55pt; text-align: center; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoListParagraph>實體圖</p> </td> <td width="18%" style='width:18.5%;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:30.55pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoListParagraph style="text-align: center"><a class="fancybox" href="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an053/html-images-zh_tw/image004_zh-tw.png" ><img width=85 height=51 src="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an053/html-images-zh_tw/image004_zh-tw.png" alt="Technical Document Image Preview"></a></p> </td> <td width="18%" style='width:18.5%;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:30.55pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoListParagraph style="text-align: center"><a class="fancybox" href="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an053/html-images-zh_tw/image005_zh-tw.png" ><img width=85 height=51 src="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an053/html-images-zh_tw/image005_zh-tw.png" alt="Technical Document Image Preview"></a></p> </td> <td width="18%" style='width:18.5%;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:30.55pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoListParagraph style="text-align: center"><a class="fancybox" href="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an053/html-images-zh_tw/image006_zh-tw.png" ><img width=91 height=54 src="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an053/html-images-zh_tw/image006_zh-tw.png" alt="Technical Document Image Preview"></a></p> </td> <td width="18%" style='width:18.5%;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:30.55pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoListParagraph style="text-align: center"><a class="fancybox" href="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an053/html-images-zh_tw/image007_zh-tw.png" ><img width=91 height=51 src="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an053/html-images-zh_tw/image007_zh-tw.png" alt="Technical Document Image Preview"></a></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class=MsoNoSpacing>表1粉末鐵芯特性之比較</p> <p class=MsoNoSpacing>表1列出了以上四種粉末鐵芯之比較。以實際應用而言,其中之鐵矽鋁合金的特性在各方面均不錯,相對成本低,具有高性價比,因此常被用於EMI濾波電感。</p> <p class=MsoNoSpacing>圖3所示為TDK所製之PC47錳鋅鐵氧體與MICROMETALS所製之鐵粉芯-52及-2的B-H曲線;錳鋅鐵氧體的相對磁導率遠高於鐵粉芯,飽和磁通密度也相差很多,鐵氧體約5000高斯而鐵粉芯大於10000高斯以上。</p> <p class=MsoNormal><a class="fancybox" href="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an053/html-images-zh_tw/image008_zh-tw.png" ><img width=421 height=264 id="圖片 28" src="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an053/html-images-zh_tw/image008_zh-tw.png" alt="Technical Document Image Preview"></a></p> <p class=MsoCaption>圖3、錳鋅鐵氧體與不同材質鐵粉芯的B-H曲線</p> <p class=MsoNoSpacing>綜合上述,鐵芯飽和特性各有不同;一旦超過飽和電流,鐵氧體鐵芯的磁導率會陡降,而鐵粉芯則可緩慢降低。圖4所示即為具有相同磁導率的粉末鐵芯與有氣隙的鐵氧體在不同磁場強度下的磁導下降特性。這也解釋了鐵氧體鐵芯電感,因磁導率在鐵芯飽和時驟降,由式(1)可知,也造成電感量驟降;而有分佈式氣隙的粉末鐵芯,磁導率在鐵芯飽和時是緩慢下降,因此電感量也降低得比較緩和,即有較好的直流偏置特性。在電源轉換器的應用中,此特性很重要;若電感的緩飽和特性不佳時,電感電流上升到達飽和電流,電感量突降會造成開關晶體的電流應力突升,容易造成損壞。</p> <p class=MsoNormal><a class="fancybox" href="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an053/html-images-zh_tw/image009_zh-tw.png" ><img width=641 height=250 id="圖片 29" src="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an053/html-images-zh_tw/image009_zh-tw.png" alt="Technical Document Image Preview"></a></p> <p class=MsoCaption>圖4、粉末鐵芯與有氣隙的鐵氧體鐵芯在不同磁場強度下的磁導下降特性</p> <br><br> <h2 id="__Bookmark__4">電感器之電氣特性及封裝結構</h2> <p class=MsoNoSpacing>在設計開關轉換器並挑選電感器時,電感值L、阻抗Z、交流電阻ACR與Q值(quality factor)、額定電流I<sub>DC</sub>與I<sub>SAT</sub>、以及鐵芯損失(core loss)等等重要的電氣特性都必須考慮。此外,電感器的封裝結構會影響漏磁大小,進而影響EMI。以下將分別探討上述之特性,以作為選擇電感器之考量。</p> <h3>1. 電感值(L)</h3> <p class=MsoNoSpacing>電感器之電感值在電路設計時為最重要的基本參數,但必須看在工作頻率下此電感值是否穩定。電感的標稱值通常是在沒有外加直流偏置的條件下,以100 kHz或1 MHz所量得。且為確保大量自動化生產的可能性,電感之容差值(tolerance)通常是 ±20%(M)與±30%(N)居多。圖5為利用Wayne Kerr的LCR錶量測Taiyo Yuden 電感NR4018T220M之電感-頻率特性圖,如圖所示,在5 MHz之前電感值的曲線較為平坦,電感值幾乎可視為常數。在高頻段因寄生電容與電感所產生的諧振,電感值會上升,此諧振頻率稱為自我諧振頻率(self-resonant frequency;SRF),通常需遠高於工作頻率。</p> <p class=MsoNormal><a class="fancybox" href="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an053/html-images-zh_tw/image010_zh-tw.png" ><img width=473 height=293 id="圖片 30" src="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an053/html-images-zh_tw/image010_zh-tw.png" alt="Technical Document Image Preview"></a></p> <p class=MsoCaption>圖5、Taiyo Yuden NR4018T220M電感-頻率特性之量測圖</p> <h3>2. 阻抗(Z)</h3> <p class=MsoNoSpacing>如圖6,從阻抗圖也可以看出電感在不同頻率下的表現。電感的阻抗約與頻率成正比(Z=2πfL),因此頻率愈高,電抗會比交流電阻大很多,所以阻抗表現就如同純電感(相位為90&#730;)。而再往高頻,由於寄生電容效應,可以看到阻抗的自我諧振頻率點,過了此點阻抗下降呈現電容性,且相位逐漸轉為-90 &#730;。</p> <p class=MsoNormal><a class="fancybox" href="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an053/html-images-zh_tw/image011_zh-tw.jpg" ><img width=472 height=293 id="圖片 7" src="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an053/html-images-zh_tw/image011_zh-tw.jpg" alt="Technical Document Image Preview"></a></p> <p class=MsoCaption>圖6、Taiyo Yuden電感NR4018T220M之阻抗-頻率特性</p> <h3>3. Q值與交流電阻(ACR)</h3> <p class=MsoNoSpacing>Q值在電感的定義中為電抗與電阻的比值,也就是阻抗中虛數部分與實數部分的比,如式(2)。</p> <p class=MsoListParagraph><a class="fancybox" href="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an053/html-images-zh_tw/image012_zh-tw.jpg" ><img width=67 height=62 id="圖片 6" src="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an053/html-images-zh_tw/image012_zh-tw.jpg" alt="Technical Document Image Preview"></a> (2)</p> <p class=MsoNoSpacing>其中X<sub>L</sub>為電感器之電抗,R<sub>L</sub>為電感器之交流電阻。</p> <p class=MsoNoSpacing>在低頻段,交流電阻比電感造成的電抗大,所以其Q值很低;隨著頻率增加,電抗(約為2πfL)愈來愈大,即使電阻因集膚效應(skin effect)與鄰近(proximity effect)效應愈來愈大,Q值仍隨頻率增加;在接近SRF時,電感抗逐漸為電容抗抵消,Q值又逐漸變小;在SRF時變為零,因電感抗與電容抗完全相消。圖7為NR4018T220M之Q值與頻率的關係圖,其關係呈現倒鐘形。</p> <p class=MsoListParagraph><a class="fancybox" href="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an053/html-images-zh_tw/image013_zh-tw.jpg" ><img width=472 height=293 id="圖片 10" src="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an053/html-images-zh_tw/image013_zh-tw.jpg" alt="Technical Document Image Preview"></a></p> <p class=MsoCaption>圖7、Taiyo Yuden電感NR4018T220M之Q值與頻率的關係圖</p> <p class=MsoNoSpacing>在電感的應用頻段裡,Q值愈高愈好;表示其電抗遠大於交流電阻。一般而言,Q值最好達到40以上,表示此電感的品質佳。然而,一般隨直流偏置增加,電感值會下降,Q值也會降低。若採用扁平漆包線或多股漆包線,可以降低集膚效應,即交流電阻,也就可以提升電感的Q值。</p> <p class=MsoNoSpacing>直流電阻DCR一般多認為是銅線的直流電阻,此電阻可依線徑與長度計算。然而大部分小電流SMD電感在繞線終端會用超音波焊接做SMD的銅片,但因為銅線長度不長,電阻值不高,因此焊接電阻常會佔整體直流電阻相當的比例。以TDK之繞線式SMD電感CLF6045NIT-1R5N為例,其量測直流電阻為14.6mΩ,而依線徑及長度計算之直流電阻為12.1mΩ。結果顯示此焊接電阻約佔整體直流電阻的17%。</p> <p class=MsoNoSpacing>交流電阻ACR則因有集膚效應與鄰近效應,而會造成ACR隨頻率增加;一般電感的應用,因交流成份遠低於直流成份,所以ACR造成的影響並不明顯;但是在輕載時,因為直流成份降低,ACR造成的損耗便不能忽略。集膚效應即在交流的條件下,導體內部電流分佈不均勻而集中在導線的表面,造成等效導線截面積降低,進而使導線的等效電阻隨頻率提高。另外,在一個導線繞組中,相鄰的導線會因電流造成磁場的相加減,使得電流集中在導線鄰近的表面(或最遠的表面,視電流方向而定),同樣造成等效導線截面積降低,等效電阻提高的現象,即所謂的鄰近效應;在一個多層繞組的電感應用裡,鄰近效應更是明顯。</p> <p class=MsoNoSpacing>圖8為繞線式SMD電感NR4018T220M的交流電阻與頻率關係圖。在頻率為1kHz時,電阻約為360mΩ;到了100kHz,電阻上升到775mΩ;在10MHz時電阻值接近160Ω。在估算銅損時,其計算須考慮集膚與鄰近效應造成的ACR,並修正成式(3)。</p> <p class=MsoListParagraph><a class="fancybox" href="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an053/html-images-zh_tw/image014_zh-tw.jpg" ><img width=258 height=31 id="圖片 12" src="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an053/html-images-zh_tw/image014_zh-tw.jpg" alt="Technical Document Image Preview"></a> (3)</p> <p class=MsoNoSpacing>I<sub>AC,i</sub>為某諧波頻率的RMS電流,R<sub>AC,i</sub>為該頻率下之交流電阻。</p> <p class=MsoNormal><a class="fancybox" href="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an053/html-images-zh_tw/image015_zh-tw.jpg" ><img width=472 height=293 id="圖片 14" src="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an053/html-images-zh_tw/image015_zh-tw.jpg" alt="Technical Document Image Preview"></a></p> <p class=MsoCaption>圖8、NR4018T220M之交流電阻與頻率關係圖</p> <h3>4. 飽和電流(I<sub>SAT</sub>)</h3> <p class=MsoNoSpacing>飽和電流I<sub>SAT</sub>一般是標註在電感值衰減如10%、30%或40%之情況下的偏置電流。以氣隙鐵氧體而言,因其飽和電流特性非常急遽,10%與40%相差不大,可參考圖4。但如果是鐵粉芯(如沖壓式電感),飽和曲線比較緩和,如圖9,電感衰減10%或40%的偏置電流相差很多,因此就飽和電流值,二種鐵芯將分開探討如下。</p> <p class=MsoNoSpacing>對於一個氣隙鐵氧體,以I<sub>SAT</sub>作為電路應用最大的電感電流上限點是合理的。但如果是鐵粉芯,因為緩飽和特性,即便應用電路最大電流超過I<sub>SAT</sub>也不會發生問題,因此這種鐵芯特性最適合開關轉換器的應用。在重載時,雖然電感器之電感值較低,如圖9,造成電流漣波因數較高,但現今的電容電流耐受度高,因此並不會成為問題。在輕載時,電感器之電感值較大,有助於降低電感的漣波電流,進而降低鐵損。圖9比較了TDK之繞線式鐵氧體SLF7055T1R5N及沖壓式鐵粉芯電感SPM6530T1R5M,在相同電感標稱值下的飽和電流曲線。</p> <p class=MsoNormal><a class="fancybox" href="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an053/html-images-zh_tw/image016_zh-tw.png" ><img width=473 height=293 id="圖片 27" src="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an053/html-images-zh_tw/image016_zh-tw.png" alt="Technical Document Image Preview"></a></p> <p class=MsoCaption>圖9、繞線式鐵氧體與沖壓式鐵粉芯在相同電感標稱值下的飽和電流曲線</p> <h3>5. 額定電流(I<sub>DC</sub>)</h3> <p class=MsoNoSpacing>I<sub>DC</sub>值為當電感溫升為T<sub>r</sub>&#730;C時的直流偏置。規格書同時標註其在20&#730;C的直流電阻值R<sub>DC</sub>。依銅導線的溫度係數約為3,930 ppm,在T<sub>r</sub>溫升時,其電阻值為R<sub>DC_Tr </sub>= R<sub>DC</sub>(1+0.00393T<sub>r</sub>),其功耗為P<sub>CU </sub>= I<sup>2</sup><sub>DC</sub>xR<sub>DC</sub>。此銅損功耗在電感器表面散逸,可計算出電感的熱阻Θ<sub>TH</sub>:</p> <p class=MsoNormal><a class="fancybox" href="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an053/html-images-zh_tw/image017_zh-tw.jpg" ><img width=153 height=51 id="圖片 18" src="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an053/html-images-zh_tw/image017_zh-tw.jpg" alt="Technical Document Image Preview"></a> (4)</p> <p class=MsoNoSpacing>表2為參考TDK VLS6045EX系列(6.0x6.0x4.5mm)的data sheet,並計算出在溫升40&#730;C時之熱阻。顯然相同系列及尺寸的電感,因表面散熱面積一樣,其計算所得之熱阻也相差無幾;換句話說,可以估算不同電感的額定電流I<sub>DC</sub>。不同系列(封裝)的電感,其熱阻也不同。表3即比較了TDK VLS6045EX系列(semi-shielded)及SPM6530系列(molded)之電感的熱阻。熱阻愈大,表示此電感流過負載電流時所產生的溫升較高;反之則較低。</p> <div> <table class="MsoTableGrid non-hover" border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr style='height:17.0pt'> <td colspan=6 style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height:17.0pt; text-align: center;'> <p class=MsoNormal>VLS6045EX (6.0x6.0x4.5 mm)</p> </td> </tr> <tr style='height:17.0pt'> <td style='border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>L(&micro;H)</p> </td> <td style='border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>R<sub>DC</sub>(mΩ)</p> </td> <td style='border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>R<sub>DC_Tr</sub>(mΩ)</p> </td> <td style='border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>I<sub>DC</sub>(A)</p> </td> <td style='border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>P<sub>CU</sub>(W)</p> </td> <td style='border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>Θ<sub>TH</sub>(&#730;C/W)</p> </td> </tr> <tr style='height:17.0pt'> <td style='border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>1.5</p> </td> <td style='border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>17</p> </td> <td style='border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>19.67</p> </td> <td style='border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>5.3</p> </td> <td style='border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>0.55</p> </td> <td style='border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>72</p> </td> </tr> <tr style='height:17.0pt'> <td style='border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>2.2</p> </td> <td style='border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>19</p> </td> <td style='border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>21.99</p> </td> <td style='border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>5.1</p> </td> <td style='border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>0.57</p> </td> <td style='border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>70</p> </td> </tr> <tr style='height:17.0pt'> <td style='border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>3.3</p> </td> <td style='border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>23</p> </td> <td style='border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>26.62</p> </td> <td style='border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>4.95</p> </td> <td style='border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>0.65</p> </td> <td style='border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>61</p> </td> </tr> <tr style='height:17.0pt'> <td style='border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>4.7</p> </td> <td style='border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>27</p> </td> <td style='border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>31.24</p> </td> <td style='border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>4.2</p> </td> <td style='border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>0.55</p> </td> <td style='border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>73</p> </td> </tr> <tr style='height:17.0pt'> <td style='border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>6.8</p> </td> <td style='border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>36</p> </td> <td style='border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>41.66</p> </td> <td style='border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>3.6</p> </td> <td style='border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>0.54</p> </td> <td style='border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>74</p> </td> </tr> <tr style='height:17.0pt'> <td style='border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>10</p> </td> <td style='border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>47</p> </td> <td style='border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>54.39</p> </td> <td style='border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>3.4</p> </td> <td style='border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>0.63</p> </td> <td style='border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>64</p> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <p class=MsoNormal>表2、VLS6045EX系列電感在溫升40&#730;C時之熱阻</p> <p class=MsoNoSpacing>從表3可知,即使電感的尺寸相近,由於沖壓式電感的熱阻低,即散熱較好。</p> <div> <table class="MsoTableGrid non-hover" border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr style='height:80.6pt'> <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height:80.6pt; text-align: center;'> </td> <td valign=top style='border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height:80.6pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>VLS6045EX </p> <p class=MsoNormal>(6.0x6.0x4.5mm)</p> <p class=MsoNormal style="text-align: center"><a class="fancybox" href="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an053/html-images-zh_tw/image018_zh-tw.png" ><img width=83 height=75 id="圖片 2" src="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an053/html-images-zh_tw/image018_zh-tw.png" alt="Technical Document Image Preview"></a></p> </td> <td valign=top style='border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height:80.6pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>SPM6530</p> <p class=MsoNormal>(7.1x6.5x3.0mm)</p> <p class=MsoNormal style="text-align: center"><a class="fancybox" href="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an053/html-images-zh_tw/image019_zh-tw.jpg" ><img width=87 height=72 id="圖片 4" src="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an053/html-images-zh_tw/image019_zh-tw.jpg" alt="Technical Document Image Preview"></a></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='height:17.0pt'> <td valign=top style='border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>L(&micro;H)</p> </td> <td colspan=2 valign=top style='border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>Θ<sub>TH</sub>(&#730;C/W)</p> </td> </tr> <tr style='height:17.0pt'> <td valign=top style='border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>1.5</p> </td> <td style='border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>72</p> </td> <td valign=top style='border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>29</p> </td> </tr> <tr style='height:17.0pt'> <td style='border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>2.2</p> </td> <td style='border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>70</p> </td> <td valign=top style='border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>30</p> </td> </tr> <tr style='height:17.0pt'> <td style='border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>3.3</p> </td> <td style='border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>61</p> </td> <td valign=top style='border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>28</p> </td> </tr> <tr style='height:17.0pt'> <td style='border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>4.7</p> </td> <td style='border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>73</p> </td> <td valign=top style='border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>31</p> </td> </tr> <tr style='height:17.0pt'> <td style='border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>6.8</p> </td> <td style='border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>74</p> </td> <td valign=top style='border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>45</p> </td> </tr> <tr style='height:17.0pt'> <td style='border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>10</p> </td> <td style='border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>64</p> </td> <td valign=top style='border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>40</p> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <p class=MsoNormal>表3、不同封裝電感的熱阻比較</p> <h3>6. 鐵芯損失(core loss)</h3> <p class=MsoNoSpacing>鐵芯損失,簡稱鐵損,主要由渦流損與磁滯損造成。渦流損大小主要是看鐵芯材料是否容易「導電」;若導電率高,即電阻率低,渦流損就高,如鐵氧體的電阻率高,其渦流損就相對的低。渦流損也與頻率有關,頻率愈高,渦流損愈大,因此鐵芯材料會決定鐵芯適當的工作頻率。一般而言,鐵粉芯的工作頻率可到1MHz,而鐵氧體的工作頻率則可到10MHz。若工作頻率超過此頻率,則渦流損會快速增加,鐵芯溫度也會提高。然而,隨著鐵芯材料日新月異,更高工作頻率的鐵芯應是指日可待。</p> <p class=MsoNoSpacing>另一個鐵損是磁滯損,其與磁滯曲線所圍之面積成正比,即與電流交流成份的擺動(swing)幅度有關;交流擺幅愈大,磁滯損也愈大。</p> <p class=MsoNoSpacing>在電感器之等效電路中,常用一個並聯於電感的電阻來表示鐵損。當頻率等於SRF時,電感抗和電容抗抵消,等效電抗為零,此時電感器之阻抗即等效於此鐵損電阻串聯繞線電阻,且鐵損電阻已遠大於繞線電阻,所以在SRF時的阻抗就約等於鐵損電阻。以一低壓電感為例,其鐵損電阻約在20kΩ左右,若以電感兩端的有效值電壓5V來估算,其鐵損約為1.25mW,這也說明了鐵損電阻愈大愈好。</p> <h3>7. 封裝結構(shield structure)</h3> <p class=MsoNoSpacing>鐵氧體電感的封裝結構有非遮蔽式、加磁膠之半遮蔽式、與遮蔽式,而不論哪一種都存在相當的空氣隙。顯然此空氣隙會有漏磁發生,且最壞的情況是會干擾周遭之小信號電路,或者,如果附近有導磁材料,其電感值也因此被改變。另一種封裝結構為沖壓式鐵粉電感,由於電感內部沒有間隙,且繞組結構紮實,因此磁場散逸問題較小。圖10是利用RTO 1004示波器之FFT功能量測沖壓式電感上方及側邊3mm處之漏磁場大小。表4列出不同封裝結構電感的漏磁場大小比較,可看出非遮蔽式(non-shielded)電感之漏磁最嚴重;沖壓式(molded)電感的漏磁最小,顯示其磁遮蔽效果最好。這兩種結構的電感之漏磁場大小相差約14dB,也就是將近5倍。</p> <p class=MsoNormal><a class="fancybox" href="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an053/html-images-zh_tw/image020_zh-tw.jpg" ><img width=773 height=324 id="圖片 37" src="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an053/html-images-zh_tw/image020_zh-tw.jpg" alt="Technical Document Image Preview"></a></p> <p class=MsoCaption>圖10、沖壓式電感上方及側邊3mm處之所量測之漏磁場大小</p> <div> <table class="MsoTableGrid non-hover" border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr style='height:1.0cm'> <td width=251 colspan=2 style='width:150.55pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:1.0cm; text-align: center;'> <p class=MsoNormal> Structure Location</p> </td> <td style='border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height:1.0cm; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>Non-shielded</p> </td> <td style='border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height:1.0cm; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>Semi-shielded</p> </td> <td style='border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height:1.0cm; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>Shielded</p> </td> <td style='border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height:1.0cm; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>Molded</p> </td> </tr> <tr style='height:1.0cm'> <td width=150 style='border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; width:89.9pt; padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height:1.0cm; text-align: center; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>Amplitude (dB&micro;V)</p> </td> <td style='border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:1.0cm; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>3mm Above</p> </td> <td style='border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:1.0cm; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>87.1</p> </td> <td style='border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:1.0cm; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>83.2</p> </td> <td style='border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:1.0cm; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>76.0</p> </td> <td style='border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:1.0cm; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>73.3</p> </td> </tr> <tr style='height:1.0cm'> <td width=150 style='border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; width:89.9pt; padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height:1.0cm; text-align: center; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>Amplitude (dB&micro;V)</p> </td> <td style='border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:1.0cm; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>3mm Aside</p> </td> <td style='border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:1.0cm; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>71.3</p> </td> <td style='border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:1.0cm; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>66.8</p> </td> <td style='border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:1.0cm; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>59.8</p> </td> <td style='border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:1.0cm; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>57.8</p> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <p class=MsoNormal> 表4、不同封裝結構電感之漏磁場大小比較</p> <h3>8. 耦合(coupling)</h3> <p class=MsoNoSpacing>在一些應用當中,有時PCB上會有多組直流轉換器,通常會相鄰排列,且其對應之電感器也會相鄰排列的情況,如果使用非遮蔽式或加磁膠之半遮蔽式的電感器,可能會相互耦合,形成EMI干擾。因此,在放置電感時,建議先標註電感的極性,將電感最內層之起繞點接到轉換器之切換電壓,如降壓轉換器的V<sub>SW</sub>,即動點,而將電感之外層出線端接到輸出電容,即靜點;銅線繞阻也因此如同形成一定程度的電場遮蔽。在多路轉換器的佈線安排中,固定電感的極性,有助於固定互感的大小,避免一些意想不到的EMI問題。</p> <br><br> <h2 id="__Bookmark__5">應用實例</h2> <p class=MsoNoSpacing>前面章節探討了電感的鐵芯材質、封裝結構、以及其重要之電氣特性,在本章會說明如何選擇合適之降壓轉換器之電感值,以及選擇市售之電感器的考量因素。</p> <p class=MsoNoSpacing>如式(5)所示,電感值及轉換器之開關頻率都會影響電感漣波電流(Δi<sub>L</sub>)。電感漣波電流會流經輸出電容,影響輸出電容的漣波電流,也因此會影響輸出電容的選擇,並進而影響輸出電壓的漣波大小。再者,電感值與輸出電容值亦會影響系統之回授設計及負載動態響應。選用較大的電感值,對於電容的電流應力較小,也有利於降低輸出電壓漣波,且可儲存較多能量,然而電感值大就表示其體積大,亦即成本較高。因此,在設計轉換器時,電感值的設計就非常重要。</p> <p class=MsoNormal><a class="fancybox" href="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an053/html-images-zh_tw/image021_zh-tw.jpg" ><img width=307 height=53 id="圖片 38" src="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an053/html-images-zh_tw/image021_zh-tw.jpg" alt="Technical Document Image Preview"></a> (5)</p> <p class=MsoNoSpacing>由式(5)可知,當輸入電壓與輸出電壓差距愈大時,電感漣波電流會愈大,也就是電感設計的最嚴厲狀況(worst-case condition)。再加上其他的歸納分析,降壓轉換器的電感值設計點通常應選在最大輸入電壓與滿載的條件下。</p> <p class=MsoNoSpacing>在設計電感值時須在電感漣波電流及電感尺寸做取捨,在此定義漣波電流因數(ripple current factor;γ),如式(6)。</p> <p class=MsoNormal><a class="fancybox" href="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an053/html-images-zh_tw/image022_zh-tw.jpg" ><img width=58 height=51 id="圖片 43" src="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an053/html-images-zh_tw/image022_zh-tw.jpg" alt="Technical Document Image Preview"></a> (6)</p> <p class=MsoNoSpacing>將式(6)代入式(5),則電感值可表示為式(7)。</p> <p class=MsoNormal><a class="fancybox" href="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an053/html-images-zh_tw/image023_zh-tw.jpg" ><img width=340 height=53 id="圖片 46" src="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an053/html-images-zh_tw/image023_zh-tw.jpg" alt="Technical Document Image Preview"></a> (7)</p> <p class=MsoNoSpacing>根據式(7),當輸入與輸出電壓差距愈大,γ值可以選取較大;反之若輸入與輸出電壓愈接近,γ值設計必須較小。為了電感漣波電流與尺寸之間的取捨,依傳統設計經驗值,γ通常取0.2到0.5。以下為以RT7276為例說明電感值的計算與市售電感器的選擇考量。</p> <p class=MsoNoSpacing>設計實例:以RT7276先進恆定導通時間(Advanced Constant On-Time;ACOT®)之同步整流降壓轉換器來設計,其開關頻率為700 kHz,輸入電壓為4.5V到18V,輸出電壓為1.05V,滿載電流為3A。如上所述,電感值須設計在最大輸入電壓18V及滿載3A的條件下,將γ值取0.35,將上述數值代入式(7),得電感值為:</p> <p class=MsoNormal><a class="fancybox" href="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an053/html-images-zh_tw/image024_zh-tw.jpg" ><img width=251 height=49 id="圖片 47" src="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an053/html-images-zh_tw/image024_zh-tw.jpg" alt="Technical Document Image Preview"></a> (8)</p> <p class=MsoNoSpacing>取用一常規標稱電感值為1.5 &micro;H的電感。代回式(5)計算電感漣波電流,如下</p> <p class=MsoNormal><a class="fancybox" href="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an053/html-images-zh_tw/image025_zh-tw.jpg" ><img width=211 height=51 id="圖片 48" src="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an053/html-images-zh_tw/image025_zh-tw.jpg" alt="Technical Document Image Preview"></a> (9)</p> <p class=MsoNoSpacing>因此電感的峰值電流為</p> <p class=MsoNormal><a class="fancybox" href="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an053/html-images-zh_tw/image026_zh-tw.jpg" ><img width=257 height=45 id="圖片 49" src="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an053/html-images-zh_tw/image026_zh-tw.jpg" alt="Technical Document Image Preview"></a> (10)</p> <p class=MsoNoSpacing>而電感電流的有效值(I<sub>RMS</sub>)為</p> <p class=MsoNormal><a class="fancybox" href="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an053/html-images-zh_tw/image027_zh-tw.jpg" ><img width=293 height=55 id="圖片 50" src="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an053/html-images-zh_tw/image027_zh-tw.jpg" alt="Technical Document Image Preview"></a> (11)</p> <p class=MsoNoSpacing>因電感漣波成分小,因此電感電流有效值主要為其直流成分,此有效值即作為選擇電感額定電流I<sub>DC</sub>的依據。以80%減額(derating)設計,電感的需求為:</p> <p class=MsoNormal>L = 1.5 &micro;H(100 kHz),I<sub>DC </sub>= 3.77 A,I<sub>SAT </sub>= 4.34 A</p> <p class=MsoNoSpacing>表5所列為可選用之TDK不同系列的電感,尺寸相近但封裝結構不同。從表中可知,沖壓式電感(SPM6530T-1R5M)的飽和電流及額定電流大,且熱阻小、散熱佳。另外,根據前章之探討,沖壓式電感的鐵芯材質屬於鐵粉芯,因此相較於加磁膠之半遮蔽式(VLS6045EX-1R5N)及遮蔽式(SLF7055T-1R5N)電感的鐵氧體鐵芯,具有較好的直流偏置特性。圖11為不同電感應用於RT7276先進恆定導通時間之同步整流降壓轉換器的效率比較,結果顯示三者之效率差異並不大。而若考量散熱、直流偏置特性及磁場散逸問題,建議選用SPM6530T-1R5M電感。</p> <div> <table class="MsoTableGrid non-hover" border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr style='height:1.0cm'> <td width=141 style='width:84.8pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; height:1.0cm; text-align: center;'> <p class=MsoNormal> 參數</p> <p class=MsoNormal> 型號</p> </td> <td width=105 style='border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; width:63.05pt; padding:0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; height:1.0cm; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>L(&micro;H)<br>@100 kHz</p> </td> <td width=105 style='border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; width:63.05pt; padding:0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; height:1.0cm; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>I<sub>DC</sub>(A)</p> </td> <td width=105 style='border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; width:63.05pt; padding:0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; height:1.0cm; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>I<sub>SAT</sub>(A)</p> </td> <td width=105 style='border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; width:63.05pt; padding:0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; height:1.0cm; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>R<sub>DC</sub>(mΩ)</p> </td> <td width=105 style='border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; width:63.1pt; padding:0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; height:1.0cm; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>Θ<sub>TH</sub>(&#730;C/W)</p> </td> </tr> <tr style='height:9.55pt'> <td width=141 valign=top style='border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; width:84.8pt; padding:0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; height:9.55pt; text-align: center; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>VLS6045EX-1R5N</p> <p class=MsoNormal style="text-align: center"><a class="fancybox" href="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an053/html-images-zh_tw/image028_zh-tw.png" ><img width=74 height=73 id="圖片 9" src="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an053/html-images-zh_tw/image028_zh-tw.png" alt="Technical Document Image Preview"></a></p> </td> <td width=105 style='width:63.05pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt;height:9.55pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>1.5</p> </td> <td width=105 style='width:63.05pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt;height:9.55pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>5.3</p> </td> <td width=105 style='width:63.05pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt;height:9.55pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>8.2</p> </td> <td width=105 style='width:63.05pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt;height:9.55pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>17</p> </td> <td width=105 style='width:63.1pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt;height:9.55pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>72</p> </td> </tr> <tr style='height:9.55pt'> <td width=141 valign=top style='border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; width:84.8pt; padding:0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; height:9.55pt; text-align: center; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>SLF7055T-1R5N</p> <p class=MsoNormal style="text-align: center"><a class="fancybox" href="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an053/html-images-zh_tw/image029_zh-tw.png" ><img width=75 height=73 id="圖片 15" src="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an053/html-images-zh_tw/image029_zh-tw.png" alt="Technical Document Image Preview"></a></p> </td> <td width=105 style='width:63.05pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt;height:9.55pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>1.5</p> </td> <td width=105 style='width:63.05pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt;height:9.55pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>4</p> </td> <td width=105 style='width:63.05pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt;height:9.55pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>6.2</p> </td> <td width=105 style='width:63.05pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt;height:9.55pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>17.4</p> </td> <td width=105 style='width:63.1pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt;height:9.55pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>96</p> </td> </tr> <tr style='height:50.5pt'> <td width=141 valign=top style='border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; width:84.8pt; padding:0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; height:50.5pt; text-align: center; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>SPM6530T-1R5M</p> <p class=MsoNormal style="text-align: center"><a class="fancybox" href="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an053/html-images-zh_tw/image030_zh-tw.jpg" ><img width=42 height=35 id="圖片 13" src="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an053/html-images-zh_tw/image030_zh-tw.jpg" alt="Technical Document Image Preview"></a></p> </td> <td width=105 style='width:63.05pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt;height:50.5pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>1.5</p> </td> <td width=105 style='width:63.05pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt;height:50.5pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>11</p> </td> <td width=105 style='width:63.05pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt;height:50.5pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>11.5</p> </td> <td width=105 style='width:63.05pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt;height:50.5pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>9.7</p> </td> <td width=105 style='width:63.1pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt;height:50.5pt; text-align: center; border-left-style: none; border-left-color: inherit; border-left-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-color: inherit; border-top-width: medium;'> <p class=MsoNormal>29</p> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <p class=MsoCaption>表5、TDK不同系列的電感比較</p> <p class=MsoNormal><a class="fancybox" href="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an053/html-images-zh_tw/image031_zh-tw.png" ><img width=473 height=293 id="圖片 25" src="/content/dam/richtek-eds/resources/application-notes/an053/html-images-zh_tw/image031_zh-tw.png" alt="Technical Document Image Preview"></a></p> <p class=MsoCaption>圖11、不同電感之轉換器效率比較</p> <p class=MsoNoSpacing>若選用相同封裝結構及電感值,而尺寸較小的電感,如SPM4015T-1R5M(4.4x4.1x1.5mm),雖然其體積小,但直流電阻R<sub>DC</sub>(44.5mΩ)及熱阻Θ<sub>TH</sub>(51&#730;C/W)較大。對於相同規格之轉換器而言,電感所耐受的電流有效值也相同,顯然直流電阻大會降低重載時之效率,此外,熱阻大即表示散熱較差。因此,在選擇電感時不可只考慮縮小尺寸帶來的效益,還需評估其伴隨的缺點。</p> <br><br> <h2 id="__Bookmark__6">結論</h2> <p class=MsoNoSpacing>電感在開關電源轉換器中是常用的被動元件之一,可用來儲能以及濾波。然而在電路設計上,需要關注的不僅電感值這個參數,其它包括交流電阻與Q值、電流耐受能力、鐵芯飽和程度、以及封裝結構等等,都是在選擇電感器時須考量的參數。而這些參數通常與鐵芯材料、製程工藝、更與尺寸成本有關。因此本篇介紹了不同鐵芯材料的特性,以及如何選擇適當的電感,作為電源設計的參考。</p> <br><br> <h2 id="__Bookmark__7">參考文獻</h2> <p class=MsoListParagraph>[1] 王信雄 博士,返馳變壓器設計指南,Oct. 2011.</p> <p class=MsoListParagraph>[2] 王信雄 博士,開關轉換器控制理論與設計實務。</p> <p class=MsoListParagraph>[3] TOKEN,&#65282;What is a inductor,&#65282;2010.</p> <p class=MsoListParagraph>[4] TDK,&#65282;Guidebook for TDK Inductors &amp; Noise Suppression Components,&#65282;Sept. 2006.</p> <p class=MsoListParagraph>[5] TDK, &#65282;Wound Metallic Magnetic Material SPM4012 type,&#65282;Mar. 2015.</p> <p class=MsoListParagraph>[6] MICROMETALS,&#65282;Iron Powder Cores for Switch-mode Power Supply Inductor.&#65282;</p> <p class=MsoListParagraph>[7] Changsung,&#65282;Magnetic powder cores,&#65282;2006.</p> </div> <Br> <Br> <br> <table class="3-51" style="border: currentColor; width: 637.5pt; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody> <tr style="height: 17pt;"> <td style="border-width: 1pt 1px 1px 1pt; border-style: solid; border-color: #009eb8; height: 17pt; padding-right: 5pt; padding-left: 5pt; background-image: url(e); background-attachment: scroll; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; background-origin: padding-box; background-clip: border-box; background-color: #009eb8;" colspan="2"> <span style="color: #ffffff;">相關資源</span> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17pt;"> <td style="border-width: 1pt 1px 1px 1pt; border-style: solid; border-color: #009eb8; height: 17pt; padding-right: 5pt; padding-left: 5pt; background-image: url(e); background-attachment: scroll; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; background-origin: padding-box; background-clip: border-box; background-color: #ffffff;"> 立錡科技電子報</td> <td style="border-width: 1pt 1px 1px 1pt; border-style: solid; border-color: #009eb8; height: 17pt; padding-right: 5pt; padding-left: 5pt; background-image: url(e); background-attachment: scroll; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; background-origin: padding-box; background-clip: border-box; background-color: #ffffff;"> <a href="http://www.richtek.com/My%20Richtek/Newsletters" class="link" target="_blank"> 訂閱立錡科技電子報</a> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17pt;"> <td style="border-width: 1pt 1px 1px 1pt; border-style: solid; border-color: #009eb8; height: 17pt; padding-right: 5pt; padding-left: 5pt; background-image: url(e); background-attachment: scroll; background-repeat: repeat; 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